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The A to Z of Voice Recorders
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A
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AC adapter
Mains adapter. Enables the connection of the digital voice recorder to the mains electricity supply.
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AD Conversion
Analogue-Digital-Conversion.
Analogue-Digital conversion. In order to process an analogue signal (e.g. speech) in a computer, it must first be digitised (converted into a specific mathematical format of binary code).
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Add-on / Add-in
Extension to a program such as Excel or Word that increases the available functions. These add-ons are developed and distributed by the respective software company or other firms.
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ADPCM
Adaptive Differential Pulse Code Modulation
A digital audio compression technique that takes up less storage space than the regular PCM format used by WAV files.
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Alarm Playback
Record your message then set the Alarm. At the set time, the recorder will beep - press any key to listen to your recorded message.
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AKG
AKG Acoustics (Austria) company belongs to Harman International.
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Analog / Analogue
Opposite of digital.
Pieces of analogue information continuously merge into each other without clearly defined steps (e.g. the colours of a rainbow are not clearly separable from one another).
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Audible Tape Scan
With the machine in "Play" mode, select the fast forward or fast rewind to review the dictation at speed. The voice will playback faster than recorded.
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ASCII
American Standard Code for Information Interchange. The commonly used binary code for a total of 128 symbols (letters, numbers, punctuation and special symbols, though, not for umlauts) enables the correct data transfer between software and hardware.
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Author ID
The Authors ID can be set on a digital voice recorder. When the Files are downloaded to the DSS Player software the ID will be displayed.
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Auto Back Space
Use the "auto backspace" setting on the transcriber or in the transcription software to automate the rewinding of the voice.
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B
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Backup
A spare copy of a file, file system or other resource for use in the event of failure or loss of the original.
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Battery Indicator
Indicates battery strength remaining.
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Battery pack
Also called power pack. Rechargeable battery protected by casing.
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Baud
Named after the French telecommunications technician Baudot. It is the unit used to measure data transfer (1 Baud = 1 bit/sec.). Therefore, for example, the specification "28,000 Bauds" means that data can be transferred at a rate of 28,000 bits/per second.
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Binary
This is the name given to the representation system of numbers consisting solely of the figures 0 and 1. Just like the ten figure decimal system (0-9), in the binary system, larger numbers are made up by combining the numbers 0 and 1.
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BIOS
Stands for Basic Input/Output System and describes the basic program of a computer.
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Bit
Binary digit. The smallest digital unit. It can only be one of two states (0 or 1). 8 bits make up 1 Byte.
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Bluetooth
Standard introduced by Ericsson, Intel, IBM, Nokia and Toshiba for wireless, radio-wave communication between different devices. Unlike the infrared data transfer method, which is also wireless, Bluetooth does not even require visual contact between the communications devices. It operates on a frequency of 2.4 GHz and offers a regular transfer rate of 1 Mbit/s. Its normal range is 10 metres.
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bps
Bit per second. Refers to the number of bits transferred in one second. The bps notation is often found on modems and serial interfaces.
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Browser
Describes a program used to display information, especially on the internet.
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Bug
Describes a programming error. This can be removed by correction or rewriting the program codes (Patch).
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Bug-Fix
Removing a software error (bug) by means of a small additional program.
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Byte
Binary Term.
Binary data packet made up of 8 bits. A byte can represent values between 0 and 255. It can depict 256 symbols, numbers or colours. In the computer field, larger byte size is described using the prefix letter for the abbreviation of the exponent of 2. Therefore:
1 Kilobyte = 1 KB = 1,024 bytes
1 Megabyte = 1 MB = 1,048,576 bytes
1 Gigabyte = 1 GB = 1,073,741,824 bytes
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C
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Card reader/writer
Device that accepts memory cards and, through connection to a computer, allows data to be transferred between the media and PC.
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CD
Compact Disc. A data carrier introduced in 1982. The introduction of the CD was the beginning of the end for analog sound carriers.
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CD-R
Compact Disc Recordable. CD on which data can be saved (at intervals if desired) but not deleted. Besides the standard size of 12 cm diameter, smaller versions of 8 cm are also available.
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CD-ROM
Compact-Disc-Read-Only-Memory. A "read only" CD-ROM can hold up to approximately 650 or 700 MB of data.
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CD-RW
Compact Disc Rewritable. Compact disc that can be re-written around 1,000 times. Besides the standard size of 12 cm diameter, smaller versions of 8 cm are also available.
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Client
A computer system or process that requests a service of another computer system or process (a "Server") using some kind of protocol and accepts the server's responses.
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CompactFlash cards
Rewritable removable memory or function card developed by SanDisk in 1994. In contrast with SmartMedia technology, it has a built-in controller. The newer CF type II (CF/2) cards are 5 mm thick, the CF type I are only 3.3 mm thick.
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Compatibility
The ability of data, programs (software), and equipment (hardware) to run and/or work together. This allows for the individual components to be put together to form a system.
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Compression
Software algorithms that reduce the number of binary digits in a digital file by eliminating redundant information. The resulting files are reduced in size.
E.g. DSS compression ensures that the available memory is efficiently used.
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Conf (erence) Recording
Mode for the microphone sensitivity. “Conf” is the high-sensitivity mode that records sounds in all directions and is e.g. suited for conferences.
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Card adapter
Device in which the memory card can be inserted for transferring the data on a memory card between a PC Card slot and disk drive to the computer.
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CPU
Central Processing Unit. The main processor of a PC (personal computer).
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Compression Ratio
The ratio of the size of a compressed digital file to the original uncompressed digital file.
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D
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DAT
Digital Audio Tape.
The small magnetic tape cassettes of the "Digital Tape" machine can store audio signals and computer information.
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Digital
Opposite of analog.
The measurement and recording of continuously varying values of elements in the physical world, such as sound, light, temperature, etc., corresponding proportionally to values such as electronic voltage. These values are then converted into binary bits of information to be stored or used on magnetic or optical media.
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Data Transmission
The exchange of digital information between two or more computers. Data is usually transmitted via a direct cable connection, a computer Network or telephone lines.
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Download
Describes the process of receiving data, usually via the Internet or from another device such as a digital voice recorder to a PC.
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Dragon NaturallySpeaking (Scansoft)
“Dragon NaturallySpeaking” is a speech recognition software that makes it possible for a computer to turn human speech into written text.
Speech files recorded in High Quality or Standard Play mode can be used with third-party speech recognition software such as Scansoft´s “Dragon NaturallySpeaking”, IBM's "ViaVoice" or linguatec´s “Voice Pro”.
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Data Compression
Data may be compressed to reduce required storage (memory) space; compression means that the amount of wasted or unnecessary data is reduced. The most important compression standard in the area of speech recording is currently DSS.
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Driver Software
A small program which lets the computer know how it should ‘communicate’ with a connected peripheral device.
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DSS
Digital Speech Standard
The leading international standard for digital speech recordings guarantees compatibility of digital audio files. DSS speech files reduce the amount of storage required and transmission (for example, telephone-) times by utilising a high rate of data compression. It is a very efficiently way of compression without impairing speech quality.
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Data Transmission Rate
Indicates the amount of data sent during a specific length of time. (Baud).
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DVD
Digital Versatile Disc
A new standard for CD-ROM. A DVD can store up to 14 times more data than the common CD-ROM (currently up to 18.8 GB).
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Dict(ate) Setting
Mode for the microphone sensitivity. “Dict” is the low-sensitivity mode suited for dictation.
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DOS
Disc Operating System. Usually DOS describes the operating system developed by Microsoft for personal computers (MS-DOS).
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E
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Editing: Append Dictation
Provides the ability to add dictation to the end of a file.
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Editing: Insertion
Create a space within a voice file to add / record additional dictation.
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Editing: Overwrite
Possibility to simply over record in a previously recorded file from any point within the file.
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Editing: Partial Erase
Possibility to remove any part within a recording.
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E-Mail
A world-wide electronic mail system. Digitised data can be sent almost immediately via telephone lines using only a PC. Every e-mail user has his or her own internationally distinct address on the Internet where he or she can be reached electronically. Files, such as DSS speech recordings or digital images can be sent with any e-mail message.
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Encryption
Any procedure used to convert plaintext into a keyed text in order to prevent any but the intended recipient from reading that data.
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Erase Protection
Protect dictation by locking the voice file to prevent accidental erasure.
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F
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FlashPath Adapter
Permits the trouble-free transfer of digital images saved on SmartMedia cards to a PC. The storage cards are inserted into the adapter and then in the computer's disk drive.
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Frequency Response
Microphones are not equally sensitive to all notes. The frequency response indicates the relationship between Sensitivity and pitch. The 0-dB reference being the output voltage at 1 kHz, the frequency response is measured at constant sound pressure level, from about 20 Hz (lowest note) to 20 kHz (above the upper limit of human hearing).
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FAQ
Frequently Asked Questions.
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FDD
Flexible or Floppy Disc Drive. A storage medium with a capacity of 1.44 megabytes (MB).
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File
A set of data that has been arranged according to specific rules. Files are managed by the computer’s operating system. Data can be archived in storage devices as files.
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Firmware
An often-used micro program or instruction set stored in ROM. Usually refers to the ROM-based software that controls a unit. Firmware is found in all computer-based products from Cameras to Digital Peripherals.
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Flash-ROM
A type of memory storage that can retain information even after the power has been switched off. Unlike conventional ROM, the contents of a Flash-ROM can be deleted and rewritten with the help of a pre-programmed electrical current. Therefore a Flash-ROM is a combination of RAM and ROM.
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Flash Memory
This indicates the machine has a built-in memory which cannot be expanded. Check machines specifications for maximum record time.
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File Format
Describes the contents of files. Common file formats include <txt> for a text file, <tif> for pictures, and <dss> and <wma> for speech recordings.
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Frequency
The number of (sound) waves per second, measured in Hertz (Hz). Low sounds have a low frequency and high sounds have a high frequency. The hearing ability of a young person with normal hearing ranges from about 20 Hz to about 20 kHz.
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FTP
File Transfer Protocol. Protocol for transferring files between computers and the internet.
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H
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Hardware
All actual physical computer components such as the computer itself and peripheral devices like monitor, mouse, printer, digital cameras, digital voice recorder, etc.
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Hard drive/disk
Hard Disc Drive (Hard drive).
Device for the permanent storage of programs and information that remain after a computer has been turned off.
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Hertz
Hertz is a standard measure of frequency named after the German physicist Heinrich Hertz. Frequency has the unit "per second" The symbol for Hertz is Hz.
1 kilohertz = 1 kHz = 1,000 Hz
1 megahertz = 1 MHz = 1,000,000 Hz
1 gigahertz = 1 GHz = 1,000,000,000 Hz
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Hold Switch
The Hold switch locks the machine into the functions selected i.e. In record mode, the hold switch protects the machine from being accidentally turned off. In Stop mode is much like a transit lock i.e. the machine won't accidentally turn on.
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Hot plugging
The connection and uncoupling of external devices while the PC is running. Restarting the computer is unnecessary. Requirements: USB, and the relevant operating system (Plug and Play).
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Html
Hypertext markup language, a file format used in the World Wide Web.
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I
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IBM
The company founded in 1911 as Computer-Tabulating-Recording Co. is one of the world-wide leaders in computer hardware and software and one of the leading producers of voice recognition software.
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Impedance
Impedance expresses the AC resistance of a microphone or a set of headphones. It is dependent on frequency and is given at 1 kHz as the so-called nominal impedance. Impedance is measured in ohms.
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Index (Marks)
Index marks can be places in a file during recording or playback to provide a quick and easy way of keeping track of important sections in the file.
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Intel
An American company founded in 1968. It developed the first microprocessor in 1971, and is currently the largest manufacturer of micro-electronics parts. Also Intel is the developer of miniature cards, One of the most popular storage media in voice recognition.
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Interface
Connecting point between the computer and an external device, e.g. mouse, scanner, modem, digital camera or voice recorder.
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ISDN
Integrated Services Digital Network. Digital network for the transmission of voice, data, pictures, etc. between uniformly standardised user interfaces.
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IVA
International Voice Association. Co-operation between Grundig, Philips and Olympus, which also specified the makeup of the DSS file format.
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J
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Jog-Dial
A dial that makes it possible to navigate quickly and comfortably through folders with simple rotation and clicking.
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K
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Kilobyte
1 KB = 1.024 Bytes.
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L
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LC-Display
Liquid Crystal Display (LCD) LCD’s are commonly used in calculators, watches, digital cameras, laptops, and Olympus’ Digital Voice Recorders.
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M
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Mac
Abbreviated name of the Apple Macintosh computer. This computer is often used for graphics applications and image processing.
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Mac OS
The Apple Macintosh computer's operating system.
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Mailbox
Either an answering machine or a computer service that enables the user to leave voice announcements, text messages, digital images or any other type of file. Ordinarily, mailboxes are accessed via telephone lines through the use of a modem.
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Miniature Card
A flash memory storage media developed by Intel. Due to their small size (38 mm x 33 mm x 3.5 mm) and their high performance level, miniature cards are especially suitable for portable electronic devices such as digital dictation machines, mobile phones, and hand-held computers.
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Microphone Jack
Plug in a microphone or telephone recording device. If purchasing other than Olympus products, check to ensure the microphone meets the specifications required. These are printed in the instructions supplied with the machine.
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MiniCards
Small memory cards that are manufactured by Intel (Miniature Cards) or Toshiba (SSFDC).
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Miniature Card Reader/Writer
Additional device, including an adapter cable, for an interface which allows for the transmission of speech files saved on miniature cards onto personal computers.
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Modem
Artificial word made from modulation and demodulation. A device which transforms digital data into analog signals in order to transmit computer files through a telephone line. A modem is necessary to access the Internet or online services.
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Memory effect
A problem with NiCd rechargeable batteries where, if the battery is repeatedly charged when not fully empty, the battery just remembers its capacity when it was "topped up" and not its actual capacity. The result: the battery loses power over time.
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MP3
A digital audio compression algorithm that achieves a compression factor of about twelve while preserving sound quality. It does this by optimising the compression according to the range of sound that people can actually hear. MP3 is a very powerful algorithm in a series of audio encoding standards developed under the sponsorship of the Motion Picture Experts Group (MPEG) and formalised by the International Organization for Standardization (ISO).
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MAPI
Messaging Application Programming Interface
A messaging architecture and a client interface component for applications such as electronic mail (e-mail), scheduling, calendaring and document management. As a messaging architecture, MAPI provides a consistent interface for multiple application programs to interact with multiple messaging systems across a variety of hardware platforms.
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N
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Network
The connection of several individual computers in order to exchange data or communicate.
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New Button
A fundamental difference between tape and digital. Each new file (letter, document, fax etc) will display the name of the author, recording date and time, duration of the recording and allocated file number. Great for secretaries as they can instantly identify each author and/or work type.
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Ni-Cd battery
Nickel-Cadmium battery. The archetype power tool battery. Due to the Cadmium content this battery must be disposed of safely. Ni-Cd batteries prone to the memory effect which can reduce their voltage with age.
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Ni-MH battery
Nickel-Metal Hydride battery. Rechargeable batteries that have an energy density 100% higher than NiCd batteries and can supply high energy levels when required. They are environmentally-friendly (free of cadmium and mercury). Among other devices, Ni-MH are used to power Digital Voice Recorders.
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Noise Cancel Function
Recorded audio may be difficult to understand because of noise. This function will reduce the noise in the file for better sound quality.
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O
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Offline
Describes the state when no data connection exists. Opposite of online.
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Online
Describes the state when two or more devices are directly connected and are communicating efficiently. Opposite of offline.
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Operating System
The low-level software which handles the interface to peripheral hardware, schedules tasks, allocates storage, and presents a default interface to the user when no application program is running.
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P
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Parallel Interface
This connection allows a computer to execute several tasks simultaneously. It is therefore very fast and used for the quick transmission of data (e.g. with the reader/writer for miniature cards, printers, digital cameras, or external memory storage). The data is transmitted parallel, byte by byte, in both directions at the same time.
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Patch
A piece of programming code that can be "patched" into an already existing program to correct a bug. (Bug-Fix)
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PC Card
Also referred to as PCMCIA card.
This small card, inserted into computing devices, can, for example, store data or function as a modem.
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PCM
Pulse Code Modulation
A method by which an audio signal is represented as digital data.
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PCMCIA
Personal Computer Memory Card International Association. "PC Card"
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Phoneme
Smallest unit of speech used to differentiate word meanings from one another, yet without having its own meaning (for example: the h in ‘house’ or the m in ‘mouse’).
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Plug and play
Developed by Intel, this standard allows the installation of hardware into a computer without the subsequent need to alter the configuration. This is directly supported by Windows 95 and all newer Windows versions. (USB)
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POP3
POP3 is a messaging protocol, Version 3 of the Post Office Protocol. POP3 allows a client computer to retrieve electronic mail from a POP3 Server.
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PC Card Adapter
An additional device which makes it possible e.g. to transfer data from a PC card to a computer or laptop.
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Power-Save
Standby Mode and Display Shut Off.
If the recorder is stopped or paused for a longer time during recording or playing, it goes into Standby (power-save) mode, and the display shuts off.
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R
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RAM
Random Access Memory, the volatile memory used to temporarily store information for processing. This is the fastest type of memory for the computer.
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Release
A version of a piece of software which has been made public.
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Recording Modes
Digital Voice Recorder support different recording modes: HQ (High Quality) mode, SP (Standard Playback) mode and LP (Long Playback) mode. If a stereo microphone is used, you can enjoy recording in SHQ (stereo High Quality) mode. The available recording time depends on the chosen recording mode. E.g. for a 128 MB memory size the recording time approximately is in
SHQ Mode: 4 hr. 20 min.
HQ Mode: 8 hr. 45 min.
SP Mode: 20 hr. 55 min.
LP Mode: 44 hr. 45 min.
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Rechargeable battery
Type of battery that once empty can be recharged using a charger. The most common types of rechargeable batteries are nickel metal hydride
(Ni-MH) nickel cadmium (Ni-Cd), lithium ion (li-ion).
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ROM
Read Only Memory, used for primary instructions in many Computer Peripherals and CPU's Firmware. Their instructions can be upgraded from a computer for specific types of Flash ROM.
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S
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Serial Port (connectivity)
A serial or COM port is typically used for communications devices such as a modem. Serial ports usually are the slowest ports on a PC, however all desktop and most laptop PCs have at least one serial port.
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Sound Card
Expansion card for a computer which makes it possible to record, produce, and play sounds, such as speech, music, and other noises.
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Slide Control
Designed with the busy author in mind, slide control provides instant access to all the main functions: Record, Stop, Rewind. Much easier to use and mostly preferred by professionals.
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SmartMedia storage card
SmartMedia cards are small (45 mm x 37 mm x 0.76 mm) and light (approximately 2 g) storage media. The controller is located in the drive instead of being incorporated in the card to allow simple construction. SmartMedia cards are very affordable and ideal for the storage of digital data like photos, digital speech files and music.
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Syntax
Sentence structure. Describes the linguistically correct combination of words into phrases and sentences.
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Secure Digital Card
Removable storage media for images and audio files.
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Sensitivity
A microphone's output voltage at any given sound pressure level. A more sensitive microphone will sound louder at the same gain setting.
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Server
The main computer in a Network responsible for the management / regulation of all other computers.
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Silent Compression Voice Activation (SCVA)
The speech-activated silence compression guarantees optimal storage efficiency. Automatically interrupts the recording as soon as the speaker pauses for more than three seconds.
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SMTP
Simple Mail Transfer Protocol.
(SMTP) A protocol used to transfer electronic mail between computers.
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Software
General term for all computer programs.
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T
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Tape Counter
A digital tape counter provides a visual indication of your location on the tape. Very handy if needing to where you were or return to a specific part of the recording.
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TCP/IP
Transmission Control Protocol over Internet Protocol. Standard protocol for sending data packets over the internet or Network. The data is automatically broken up into small packets. An error correction procedure takes place automatically.
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Timer recording
Using the timer, you may programme a time for the device to automatically start and stop recording.
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Transit Lock
Prevents the machine from accidentally recording.
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U
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Update
An updated version of a Software program.
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Upgrade
A new improved version of Hardware or Software that is already available.
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Upload
Process of copying a file from a computer to a remote computer. Opposite of download.
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URL
Unified Resource Locator. Address system for internet sites.
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USB
USB is an external peripheral --> interface standard for communication between a computer and external peripherals.
It is standard on current operating systems and supports plug and play. USB offers faster data transfers than serial or parallel ports and offers low-speed (1.5 Mbps), full-speed (12 Mbps, or USB 1.1), and high-speed (480 Mbps, or USB 2.0).
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USB Audio Class
USB Audio Class compatibility means that the digital voice recorder also functions via the computer as USB microphone or loudspeaker and direct dictation to the PC is also possible. (USB Audio Class is not supported by operating systems under Windows NT 4.)
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USB Mass Storage Class
With USB Mass Storage Class support, the device is automatically displayed as an external drive. It can then be easily accessed in any program as a regular drive. Since most operating systems contain the generic Mass Storage Class driver, the device is recognised without any driver having to be installed. Also called USB Storage Class or USB AutoConnect.
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Utility
A program that performs special tasks for the operating system, for example: file administration, controlling a digital camera, a CD-ROM drive or printer.
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V
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Variable Control Voice Actuator
Variable Control Voice Actuator.
When the microphone senses that sounds have reached a preset volume, the built-in Variable Control Voice Actuator (VCVA) starts recording automatically and stops when the volume drops. Particularly helpful for extended recording, the VCVA not only conserves memory by turning off recording during silent periods, but also makes playback more efficient and convenient.
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ViaVoice (IBM)
ViaVoice is a speech recognition Software that makes it possible for a computer to turn human speech into written text.
Speech files recorded in High Quality or Standard Play mode can be used with third-party speech recognition software such as IBM's "ViaVoice", Scansoft´s “Dragon NaturallySpeaking” or linguatec´s “Voice Pro”.
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Voice Pro (linguatec)
“Voice Pro” is a speech recognition software that makes it possible for a computer to turn human speech into written text.
Speech files recorded in High Quality or Standard Play mode can be used with third-party speech recognition software such as linguatec´s “Voice Pro”, Scansoft´s “Dragon NaturallySpeaking” or IBM's "ViaVoice".
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W
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Work Types
Setup the work types in the DSS Player software then download to the digital voice recorder. A work type can then be selected by the author to confirm the type of document dictated, e.g. reports, letters, projects.
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.WAV
Abbreviation for ‘wave’.
Suffix used for audio files saved in Microsoft’s Wave file format.
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WAVE
Audio file format developed by Microsoft and used extensively in Microsoft Windows. Conversion tools are available to allow most other operating systems to play .wav files.
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Windows (95/98/2000/NT/XP/ME)
Graphic-based operating system developed by Microsoft.
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WMA
Windows Media audio file (WMA) is a compression standard that archives CD quality at only half the size of comparable MP3 files.
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WOW
WOW is a sound system by SRS Labs for the production of rich bass, clear three-dimensional stereo sound and user-selectable 5-setting equalizer for settings from classical to rock.
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WWW
World Wide Web. Currently the most popular service offered on the Internet. It provides the possibility to transmit files with multimedia contents.
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X
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xD-Picture Card
An innovative memory card standard developed by Olympus and Fujifilm, launched in 2002. Particularly small digital memory media for digital cameras or digital dictating systems that is very durable and robust, and allows speedy data transfer rates. Capacities of up to 8 GB will be possible in the future.
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