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A
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AC adapter
Tīkla adapteris. Ar tā palīdzību digitālo fotokameru pieslēdz elektriskajam barošanas tīklam.
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Adapter Ring
The adapter ring is a conversion lens adaptor that is mounted on the cover surrounding the lens. It is used in when a coversion lens cannot be mounted directly on the camera. By using this adapter, you will be able to use filters that do not exactly match the camera lens diameter. For details of supported cameras and diameters of the conversion lens adapter, refer to our customer support page.
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ADC
Analogais ciparu pārveidotājs. Aparatūra, kas analogo informāciju pārvērš digitālajos datos jeb ciparu formātā. (AD-Conversion)
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AD conversion
Analogā-digitālā pārveide. Lai apstrādātu analogo signālu (piem. fotogrāfiju) datorā, tā vispirms ir jādigitalizē (jāpārveido specifiskā binārā koda matemātiskā formātā). Attēlus parasti digitalizē izmantojot digitālo fotokameru vai skeneri.
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Additive colour mixing
Pamatkrāsu jaukšana. Raksturo krāsu sistēmu, kas balstās uz trīs pamatkrāsu (sarkanās, zaļās un zilās) pievienošanu. Piemēram, krāsu televizoros un datoru monitoros izmantots šis krāsu jaukšanas princips.
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AE
Automātiskā eksponēšana.
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AEB
Auto Exposure Bracketing - automātiskās eksponēšanas paketēšana.
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AF
Autofocus - autofokuss.
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AF confirmation mark
Atzīme fotokameras displejā, fotografējamais objekts ir fokusā. Nospiediet slēdža palaišanas pogu līdz pusei, lai nofokusētu uz objektu. Atzīme parādīsies, objekts būs fokusā. Kad objekts nav fokusā, atzīme mirgo. Atlaidiet slēdža palaišanas pogu un nospiediet to līdz pusei vēlreiz.
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AF MODE
Funkcija tiek izmantota lai pārslēgtu fotokameras attofousa režīmu. Fotokamerai ir divi autifokusa režīmi. [iESP] atpazīst objektus visā attēla laukā, nosaka promāro ojektu, un fousa punktu. Viena punkta [SPOT] režīmā fotokamera veiks fokusēšanu tikai attēla entāljā punktā.
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Print functions
In addition to trimming and image selection, some printers offer users greater independence from the computer by presenting them with more print functions. For example, individual backgrounds may be created and picture effects like sepia used to personalise the print. And if the printer and camera feature DPOF compatibility, print settings selected on the camera immediately after taking photos will also be recognised. (Picture effects.)
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AF metering field
Autofokusa mērījuma lauks. Punkts vai laukums kadrā, kas iezīmē stāvokli, kurā autofokusa sistēma nolasa nepieciešamos datus fokusa iestatīšanai.
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AiAF
Artificial intelligence Auto Focus. Autofokuss ar mākslīgi intelektu, Canon izstrādāta duālā autofokusa sistēma.
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Akkupack
Akumulatoru pakete. Portātīvā, ārējā korpusā ievietotots viena vai vairāki akumulatori. To izmanto kā papildus barošanas avotu, lai paildzinātu iekārtas darbības ilgumu (piem. fotokamerā, zibspuldzē).
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Algorithm
Algoritms. Apstrādes vai darbību instrukciju kopums, kuru tā augstās precizitātes dēļ mehāniska vai elektroniska ierīce var izpildīt patstāvīgi. Algoritmi, piemēram, ir pieskaitīšanas un atņemšanas noteikumu kopums. Tomēr algoritmi ir arī tādas instrukcijas, kas izstrādātas programmēšanas valodā. Algoritmi sniedz datoram iespēju pašam atrisināt konkrētas problēmas. Attēlu rediģēšanas procesā algoritmus izmanto, lai izmainītu attēlus, piemēram, ar trīsdimensionālā kubiskā algoritma 3-D Cubic Algorithm palīdzību. (TruePic)
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Aliasing
Pikseļu aizvietošana. Pikseļu formas līknes objektu diagonāļu malās. Šādas līknes reizēm rodas tāpēc, ka grafiks sastāv no atsevišķiem pikseļiem (skatīt pixels). Ja pikseļi netiek aizvietoti, nevēlamais efekts tiek samazināts, jo blakus esošo pikseļu kontrastvērtības tiek pārrēķinātas un pielāgotas viena otrai.
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Analogue
Analogs. Pretējs vārdam „digitāls” (skatīt digital). Analogie dati nepārtraukti saplūst viens otrā, un šī procesa posmi nav skaidri nošķirami viens no otra. (Piemēram, varavīksnes krāsas nav skaidri atdalāmas viena no otras.)
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APO
Abreviatūra terminam apochromatic corrected lenses - apohromatiskās koriģējošās lēcas (pārsvarā tiek izgatavotas no fluorīda stikla). Apohromatiskajām koriģējošajām lēcām piemīt īpašība lauzt starus tādā veidā, ka sarkanās, zaļās un zilās gaismas stari/viļņi projicējas vienā punktā tādējādi novēršot hromatisko aberāciju.
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APS
Advanced Photo System abreviatūra. APS sistēma. Izstrādāta piecu uzņēmumu kopdarba rezultātā, šī filmas sistēma izceļas ar savu vienkāršo darbību, jaunu attēla formātu (16 x 30 mm), kā arī ar iespēju izvēlēties starp trīs attēlu formātiem. Papildu informāciju, piemēram, par ekspozīciju, diafragmu, kā arī datumu var ierakstīt uz APS filmas magnētiskās joslas. APS nav digitālā fotografēšana.
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ASIC chip
ASIC mikroshēma. Konkrētai lietojumprogrammai radīta mikroshēma. Mikroshēmas izmanto fotokamerās, lai ātri apstrādātu uztvertā attēla datus.
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ATA-Flash-Cards
Ekonomiskas integrētas spraudkontakta atmiņas kartes.
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Auto bracketing
Auto dublēšanas režīms. Šajā režīmā pēc kārtas tiek veikti vairāki fotouzņēmumi, un katram no tiem tiek piemērota atšķirīga ekspozīcijas vērtība. Šis režīms ir ārkārtīgi noderīgs nenoturīga apgaismojuma apstākļos, kad grūti noteikt iestatījumus. Pēc tam, kad veikti fotozņēmumi, ir iespējams izvēlēties labākos, bet neizdevušos vienkārši izdzēst. (skatīt arī Exposure correction)
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Automātiska zibspuldze
Viens no zibspuldzes darbības režīmiem. Kad zibspuldzes režīms ir [AUTO], fotokamera automātiski kontrolē zibspuldzes darbību. Izslēdzoties zibspuldzei, fotokamera izvēlēsies tādu eksponēšanas laiku, kas maksimāli novērš attēla izsmērēšanos.
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Autofocus (AF)
Autofokuss. Automātiskā fokusa noregulēšana. Tās pamatā ir divas galvenās autofokusa AF darbības metodes: fokusa noteikšanas metode (jeb pasīvais autofokuss), kas parasti ar CCD pusvadītāju bloka palīdzību novērtē ainavas kontrastu vai fāžu atšķirību, un tāluma mērīšana (jeb aktīvais autofokuss), kas ir aprīkota ar infrasarkanās gaismas izstarotāju. Pārmaiņus fotokamera var izmantot ultraskaņu un mērīt laiku, kurā atgriežas skaņas signāls. Mikroprocesors pārvērš datus informācijā par attālumu, tādējādi nodrošinot objektīva automātisko fokusēšanu.
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Autofocus illuminator
Autofokusa apgaismotājs. Dažas fotokameras ir aprīkotas ar AF apgaismojumu, kas, apgaismojot objektu, nodrošina autofokusa darbību sliktā apgaismojumā. Tādējādi pasīvā AF sistēma (piemēram, kontrasta noteikšana/ fāžu diferencēšanas metode) nosaka pareizus fokusa iestatījumus pat fotografēšanai tumsā.
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Automatic Program
Automātiskā programma. Šajā fotografēšanas režīmā prgramma uzstādā nepieciešamo ekspozīcijas laiku un diafragmas atvērumu, balstoties un apgaismojuma novērtējumu. Lielākajam vairuma fotokameru šo režīmu apzīmē ar burtu "P".
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Program automatic
In the program automatic setting, (on most models denoted by “P”) the camera sets the aperture and shutter speed to suit the relevant conditions.
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[AVAILABLE LIGHT]
A preset setting on the camera. It is one of the selections for the [SCENE] function. It sets the flash mode to flash-off but still allows you to take pictures in dark places. Higher ISO sensitivities will be used automatically to permit the use of faster shutter speeds so as to avoid camera and subject blur. Picture size may be limited.
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AVI
Audio Video Interleave abreviatūra. Video formāts AVI. Microsoft radīts standarta faila formāts, kas tiek izmantots datoros ar Windows operētājsistēmu. To izmanto skaņas vai bez skaņas video ierakstu saglabāšanā.
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Aperture
Diafragma. Mehānisms, kas atrodas aiz objektīva un kontrolē fotokamerā ieplūstošās gaismas daudzumu. Diafragma ne tikai ietekmē attēla spilgtumu, bet arī regulē fokusa dziļumu (skatīt depth of focus). Lielākā daļa fotokameru ir aprīkotas ar varavīksnes diafragmu, kuru var brīvi pielāgot iepriekš izvēlētiem iestatījumiem.
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Aperture Priority
Diafragmas prioritātes fotografēšanas režīms. Šajā režīmā lietotājs pats pielāgo diafragmu, un fotokamera automātiski izvēlas piemērotāko ekspozīcijas laiku. Lielākajā daļā fotokameru diafragmas prioritātes fotografēšanas režīms tiek apzīmēts ar burtu “A”. Skatīt arī Shutter Priority.
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Average metering
Īpaša ekspozīcijas mērīšanas (skatīt exposure metering) , kas mēra vidējo gaismas intensitāti pa visu kadra laukumu.
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B
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Backlight
Light coming from behind the subject. When light from behind is the main source of light, the subject is backlit.
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Batch
Pakete. Datoru jomā šis vārds tiek izmantots lai apzīmētu paketfailus. Tās ir mazas programmas, kuras automātiski izpilda komandu sērijas. Tādējādi iespējams veikt kādas noteiktas darbības (piem. failu pārsaukšanu) ar lielu daudzumu failu nedarot darbības soli pa solim ar katru failiu atsevišķi.
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Battery pack
Bateriju bloks. Saukts arī par barošanas bloku. Pārlādējamā baterija, kuru aizsargā korpuss. Nodrošina fotokameras ārējo zibspuldzi u.c. ierīces ar papildu barošanu.
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[BEACH & SNOW]
A preset setting on the camera. It is one of the selections for the [SCENE] function. Use this setting when taking pictures of the ocean with a clear sky or a snowy mountain.
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Image editing software
Attēlu rediģēšanas programmatūra. Programmatūra, ar kuras palīdzību lietotājs digitālos attēlus var apskatīt un mainīt. Visbiežāk lietotā attēlu rediģēšanas programma ir Adobe Photoshop.
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Image compression
Attēlu saspiešana. Lai ekonomiski uzglabātu digitālos attēlus, attēlu dati tiek saspiesti. Tomēr saspiešana bieži izraisa attēla kvalitātes pazemināšanos.
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Image converter
Attēlu pārveidotājs. Pusvadītāja attēlu pārveidotājs (CCD pusvadītāju uztvērējbloks).
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Picture effects
Allow images to be captured, for example, in black & white, blackboard/whiteboard and sepia to produce a specific look. (sepia)
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Banding
Joslas. Kļūda tumšajā attēla daļā, kura var parādīties, fotografējot ar augsta jutīguma iestatījumiem. Šauras krāsas līnijas attēlā izskatās kā platas krāsas joslas.
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Image stabiliser
Attēlu stabilizētājs. Optiski mehāniska vai elektroniska sistēma, ar kuras palīdzību tiek novērsta fotokameras trīcēšana, tādējādi nodrošinot asus un skaidrus attēlus pat tad, kad attēls ar tālummaiņas palīdzību tiek pievilkts ļoti tuvu klāt. Pamanot nejaušu objektīva kustību, sistēma to optiski vai elektroniski kompensē, un objekts paliek nekustīgs. Video kameru elektroniskās stabilizācijas sistēmas neder fotografēšanai.
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Image transmission/ transfer
The digitisation of images means they can be transmitted via data carriers or networks without the loss of quality or copied an infinite number of times. (Data transmission)
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Image plane
Attēla plakne. Laukums kamerā, kurā objekts tiek skaidri nofokusēts. Attēla plakni var salīdzināt ar filmas plakni analogajās fotokamerās, un vienīgā atšķirība ir filmas aizvietošana ar CCD pusvadītāju uztvērējbloku.
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Blackboard/ Whiteboard
Kontrasta efekts. Ar tā palīdzību attēls tiek ierakstīts, izmantojot vienīgi melno un balto krāsu, lai palielinātu attēla kontrastu. Tas atvieglo teksta fotografēšanu.
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Operating system
The basic program needed by a computer for operation. Well-known operating systems include
Windows from Microsoft and Mac OS from Apple.
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Binary
Binārs. Šī skaitļu sistēma sastāv tikai no cipariem 0 un 1. Tāpat kā desmit ciparu decimālajā sistēmā (0-9), binārajā sistēmā lielākos skaitļus veido, kombinējot ciparus 0 un 1.
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Bit
Bits. Binārais cipars. Mazākā ciparu vienība (skatīt digital unit), kas rāda tikai divus stāvokļus: 0 vai 1. 8 biti ir 1 baits (skatīt byte).
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Bitmap
Bitkarte. Ciparu attēla attēlojums, kurā katrs datora atmiņas bits (skatīt bit) atbilst vienam punktam (skatīt dot) printerī vai uz ekrāna.
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Bluestitch
Pārāk liela zilās krāsas ietekme.
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Blooming
Pretējs terminam Noise . Attēla kļūda, kas jaunākajās digitālajās fotokamerās ir vairāk vai mazāk izskausta. Elektrisko lādiņu pārmērīga plūsma starp individuāliem sensoriem CCD (skatīt CCD element) pusvadītāju.
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Bluebox
Zilā kaste. Process televīzijā un filmu uzņemšanas laukumā. Aktieri stāv krāsotas sienas priekšā, kas parasti ir zilā krāsā. Vēlāk ierakstītā attēla zilie laukumi tiek aizvietoti ar citu fonu, un tiek panākts iespaids, ka aktieri stāv, piemēram, kalna galā, kaut arī patiesībā filmēšana notikusi studijas telpās.
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Bluetooth
Bluetooth ir Ericsson, Intel, IBM, Nokia un Toshiba ieviestais standarts bezvadu radioviļņu sakariem starp dažādām ierīcēm. Pretēji datu pārraides infrasarkanajai iespējai, kurā arī netiek izmantoti vadi, Bluetooth nav nepieciešams vizuāls kontakts starp komunikācijas ierīcēm.
Tas strādā ar frekvenci 2.4 GHz un ļauj nosūtīt datus ar ātrumu 1 Mbit/s. Parastais attālums, kādā Bluetooth darbojas, ir desmit metri
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Blur
Ir vairāki iemesli, kādēļ objekti attēlos var sanākt izplūduši. Objekts attēlā var būt izplūdis, ja tas ļoti ātri kustās (objekta izplūšana), vai ja fotokamera nav bijusi stabila, un slēdža darbības brīdī izkustējusies (fotokameras izkustēšanās). Fotokameras izkustēšanās un attēlu izplūšana var pastiprināties izmantojot objektīvus ar garāku fokusa atālumu.
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Bridge-Kamera
Fotokamera - tilts. Šādas fotokameras ir kā tilts atrap kompaktkameru un spoguļkameru (SLR), tām ir spoguļkameras skatumeklētājs, bet nav iespējas mainīt objektīvu.
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Browser
Pārlūkprogramma. Programma, kuru izmanto informācijas attēlošanai, īpaši internetā.
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Buffer (Buffer memory)
Buferis (buferatmiņa). Operatīvās atmiņas (RAM) veids, kurā attēli tiek saglabāti brīdi pirms to ierakstīšanas informācijas glabātājā. Šis atmiņas veids ir nepieciešams tāpēc, ka atmiņas kartes ir salīdzinoši lēnākas, un tās nespēj saglabāt attēlus tādā ātrumā, kā šo darbību veic fotokamera. Buferatmiņa ir īpaši noderīga gadījumos, kad attēli tiek fotografēti pēc kārtas (sērijveida fotografēšana - sequence photos).
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Bug
Programmēšanas kļūda. To var novērst, izlabojot vai pārrakstot programmu kodus.
(Skatīt 'labojums' - Patch)
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Bug-Fix
Programmatūras kļūdas novēršana. To iespējams izdarīt, izmantojot nelielu papildu programmu.
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Bulb mode
Ilgs ekspozīcijas režīms. Šajā režīmā slēdzis ir atvērts visu laiku, kamēr taustiņš ir nospiests. Šādi ekspozīcijas laiku var pagarināt no dažām minūtēm līdz pat vairākām stundām. Tomēr dažiem fotokameru modeļiem ekspozīcijas režīms ir ierobežots līdz noteiktam minūšu skaitam neatkarīgi no tā, cik ilgi taustiņš ir nospiests.
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Burst mode
Vēl viens nosaukums sērijveida fotografēšanas režīmam.
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Bus
Kopne. Iekšējā saskarne datu pārraidei starp individuālām sistēmas daļām, tādām kā mikroprocesors, atmiņa u.c.
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Byte
Baits. Bināro (sk. binary) datu pakete jeb binārais kods, ko veido līdz pat 8 biti (sk. bits). Baits atspoguļo vērtību no 0 līdz 255. Baits attēlo 256 simbolus, skaitļus vai krāsas. Datoru nozarē lielāki baita izmēri tiek aprakstīti, izmantojot skaitļa 2 eksponentformas un atbilstošos priedēkļus. Tādējādi:
1 Kilobaits = 1 KB = 1,024 baiti
1 Megabaits = 1 MB = 1,048,576 baiti
1 Gigabaits = 1 GB = 1,073,741,824 baiti
1 Terabaits = 1 TB = 1,099,511,627,776 baiti.
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C
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CAMEDIA
Uzņēmuma Olympus ražoto digitālo fotokameru nosaukums.
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CAMEDIA Master /CAMEDIA Master Pro
CAMEDIA Master un CAMEDIA Master Pro programmatūra. Šī programmatūra nodrošina vieglu nekustīgo un kustīgo digitālo attēlu apstrādi, rediģēšanu, sakārtošanu un izdruku. Ar šīs programmatūras palīdzību iespējams apvienot attēlus, izveidojot panorāmas skatus. Attēlu rādītāja izdruka atvieglo atsevišķu attēlu atrašanu. CAMEDIA Master Pro versijā pieejamas papildus priekšrocības: prezentācija ar skaņas efektiem radīšanu, kuru iespējams saglabāt kā klipu, kā arī Html valodas fotoalbumu izveide ievietošanai interneta lapās.
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Camera shake
A major cause of unclear pictures, this unwanted movement is caused by involuntary hand and body tremors jarring the camera.
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Calibration
Kalibrēšana. Ievadizvades ierīču savstarpēja līdzsvarošana vai saskaņošana ar mērķi iegūt noteiktu vērtību. Šādā veidā krāsas monitorā iespējams saskaņot ar printera krāsām. (Sk. Colour management)
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Candela
Kandela. Gaismas stipruma mērvienība. 1 kandelas jauda ir 1/683W steradiānā.
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[CANDLE]
A preset setting on the camera. It is one of the selections for the [SCENE] function. Use this setting when taking pictures under the lighting of a candle or an incandescent lamp. Also, some camera models automatically increase the ISO sensitivity to prevent camera movement blur.
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Card drive
Kartes dzinis. Ierīce, kas pieļauj vienas vai vairāku dažādu atmīņas karšu izmantošanu un dators to uztver par atsevišķu diksdzini. Datorā attēlus iespējams pārvietot gan no kartes uz datora diskatmiņu, gan pretējā virzienā.
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Cast
Nokrāsa. Tā rodas, kad viena veida krāsas, kā dzeltenā vai sarkanā, attēlā ir pārmērīgi daudz. Nokrāsa parasti parādās, ja lietoti nepareizi baltā balansa (sk. white balance) iestatījumi.
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Catchlight
Reflection of light in a person's eyes. In portrait pictures, facial expressions appear brighter and livelier if catchlights appear in the subject's eyes. To consciously create catchlights, you can shine light on the subject using a flash or use a reflector.
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CCD
CCD pusvadītāju uztvērējbloks jeb lādiņu saites matrica. Gaismas jutīgs pusvadītājs, kas uztverto gaismu atkarībā no tās spožuma pārvērš voltos. CCD pusvadītāju uztvērējbloka tehnoloģiju izmanto digitālajās fotokamerās un skeneros (sk. scanners) kā mikroshēmu vai līnijsensoru. (Skatīt arī progressive CCD, video CCD)
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Card adapter
Karšu adapteris. Ierīce, kura pārraida atmiņas kartes datus no PC Card kartes pieslēgvietas uz datora diskdzini (sk. disk drive).
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CD-R
Compact Disc Recordable abreviatūra. CD-R jeb ierakstāmais kompaktdisks. Ierakstīšanu uz šāda diska var veikt tikai vienreiz (pakāpeniski, ja nepieciešams), bet datus nav iespējams izdzēst. Papildus 12 cm diametra standartlielumam ir pieejama arī mazāka versija, kuras diametrs ir 8 cm.
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CD-RW
Compact Disc Rewritable abreviatūra. Atkalierakstāms kompaktdisks. Kompaktdisks, kurā var ierakstīt datus līdz pat 1,000 reižu. Papildus 12 cm diametra standartlielumam ir pieejama arī mazāka versija, kuras diametrs ir 8 cm.
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Card reader/ writer
Karšu lasītājs/ rakstītājs. Ierīce, kuru, tieši pieslēdzot datoram, var izmantot datu pārraidīšanai no atmiņas kartes uz datoru.
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Chip
Mikroshēma. Tāda integrālā shēma, kuras daļas (piemēram, diodes, tranzistori un rezistori) atrodas uz nelielas, no silīcija izgatavotas pusvadītāja plates.
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CIE
Commission Internationale de l´Eclairage abreviatūra. Starptautiskā krāsu metroloģijas komisija. Šīs komisijas noteiktie standarti ir pamatā krāsu standartu noteikšanai datorizdevniecībā.
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Circular-type
A type of filter that can be attached to the lens. This is a circularly polarized type of PL filter. Modern digital cameras often use a polarizing half mirror system for metering and auto focusing functions. These functions may not function properly when a normal PL filter is used. In such a case, a circularly polarized type of PL filter must be used.
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CMOS
Complementary Metal Oxide Semiconductor abreviatūra. CMOS mikroshēma. Viegla augstas jutības mikroshēma. Atšķirībā no CCD pusvadītāju uztvērējbloka, informācija par pikseļiem CMOS pusvadītājā tiek nolasīta atsevišķi.
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CMYK
Cyan, Magenta, Yellow, and Key/Black abreviatūra. Tas ir krāsu substraktīvais modelis, kas operē ar četrām krāsām: ciāna, fuksīna, dzeltenu un melnu. Tā ir pilnkrāsu druka.
(Skatīt arī Subtractive colour mixing)
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Codec
Decompressor/Compressor saīsinājums. Multivides informācijas (attēlu, video, skaņas) saspiešanas un restaurēšanas algoritms.
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Compactcamera
Kompaktkamera. Neliela, vienkārši lietojama fotokamera ar iebūvētu, nemaināmu objektīvu un skatumeklētāju.
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CompactFlash card
Compact Flash atmiņas karte. 1994. gadā uzņēmuma SanDisk izstrādātā atkalierakstāma atmiņas karte. Atšķirībā no SmartMedia vai xD-Picture karšu tehnoloģijas, šajā kartē ir iebūvēts atmiņas kontrolieris. Jaunākās CF Type II (CF/2) kartes ir 5 mm biezas, bet CF type I (CF/1) ir tikai 3.3 mm biezas. (Skatīt arī PCMCIA-Cards/PC Cards)
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Charger
Akumulatoru lādētājs.
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Compatibility
Saderība. Iespēja datiem, programmām (programmatūrai) un aparatūrai darboties kopā. Saderība ļauj vairākus atsevišķas daļas savienot kopā un veidot sistēmu.
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COM port
COM pieslēgvieta. Datora seriālā saskarne (sk. serial interface). To bieži izmanto tādu ierīču kā digitālās kamera pieslēgšanai pie datora. (Skatīt arī USB)
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Composition
The process of adjusting framing, camera position and/or focal length to make the subject a visually pleasing photograph.
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Compression
Saspiešana. Lai samazinātu glabāšanas (atmiņas) aizņemto vietu vai datu pārraides ātrumu, kas ir līdzvērtīgs datu daudzuma samazināšanai, datus iespējams saspiest. Plaši izplatīti ir tādi saspiešanas formāti kā JPEG un MPEG.
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Computer controlled flash
Datorizēti kontrolējamā zibspuldze. Gandrīz visas kompaktās zibspuldzes tiek datorizēti kontrolētas. To intensitāte tiek noregulēta, vēršot sensoru (sk. sensor) pret fotografējamo objektu. Šādi tiek iegūta nepieciešamā informācija zibspuldzes darbības ilgumam. Gaismas sensors nepieciešamos datus bieži iegūst caur fotokameras objektīvu. (Skatīt arī TTL)
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Closest focus range
Tuvākā iespējamā fokusēšanas distance.
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Contrast
The degree of difference between a subject's tones, which is a function of its inherent shades and colors and also the quality of light.
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Conversion Lens
A conversion lens is a lens that is mounted on the lens tip for the purpose of changing the focal length of the lens. It is mainly used for cameras that cannot change lenses. Types of conversion lenses available include: a macro lens for taking close-up shots; a wide-angle lens that allows you to shoot wider angle shots; and a telephoto lens that lets you take long-distance pictures by extending the focus length. For details of supported cameras and lens models, refer to our customer support page.
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Cross Filter
A type of filter that can be attached to the lens. It creates an effect that makes the light appear to radiate from the source.
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Colour area
Krāsu telpa. Telpisks visu krāsu un krāsu nianšu attēlojums, kuras konkrētā ierīce (digital camera, monitors, printeris) spēj uztvert vai attēlot. Krāsu telpa palielinās līdz ar krāsu dziļuma palielināšanos.
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CRT
Cathode Ray Tube abreviatūra. Katodstaru lampa. Lampas iekšienē esošie elektronu lielgabali izšauj starus uz lampas priekšējās virsmas, šādi izraisot lampas spīdēšanu un displeja izgaismošanos. (Skatīt arī LCD)
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CR123A
3V litija baterija, kuras standarta izmērs ir 34 x 16.5 mm. ASV to sauc par DL123A bateriju.
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Colour depth
Krāsu dziļums. Šis jēdziens attiecas uz maksimālo krāsu skaitu, ko iespējams ierakstīt digitālajās fotokamerās un skeneros, vai arī ko var parādīt grafiskās kartes. Patiesu krāsu attēlojumu iespējams panākt, izmantojot krāsu dziļumu, kas līdzvērtīgs 8 bitiem uz pamatkrāsu – tas ir 24 bitu krāsu dziļums. šajā gadījumā vienam pikselim atbilst 256 biti. RGB signāla gadījumā šī vērtība tiek reizināta trīs reizes, un kopumā tiek attēlotas 256 x 256 x 256 = 16,777,216 krāsas. Ekskluzīvo skeneru, grafisko karšu u.c. šāda veida ierīču minimālais nodrošinātais krāsu dziļums ir 24 biti.
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CR2016
Nosaukums vienreiz lietojamām litija baterijām, kuru izmēri ir 20 x 1.5 mm un nominālais spriegums 3V. Tiek izmantotas digitālajās fotokamerās kalendāra sistēmas atmiņas uzturēšanai.
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Colourmanagement
Krāsu vadība. Tā ļauj veikt monitora, skeneru un krāsu printeru, kā arī ārējo ierīču kalibrēšanu. Piemēram, izmantojot krāsu vadības sistēmu, skenera dati tiek pārvērsti standarta vērtībās. Lai krāsu izdrukām būtu laba kvalitāte, dati tiek attiecīgi sakārtoti.
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Colour noise
Neprecīzs krāsu atveidojums attēlā, kuram jābūt pilnīgi baltam, piemēram, punkti laukumā. (Skatīt arī Noise)
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CR2032
Nosaukums vienreiz lietojamām litija baterijām, kuru izmēri ir 20 x 3 mm un nominālais spriegums 3V. Tiek izmantotas digitālajās fotokamerās kalendāra sistēmas atmiņas uzturēšanai.
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CR-V3
3V litija baterija, kuras standarta izmērs ir 52 x 14 x 28 mm. Pēc Olympus klasifikācijas: LB-01E.
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Colour stitch
Krāsu kļūda. Ja attēlam ir krāsu kļūda, kāda no krāsām tiek attēlota nedabīgi intensīvi.
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Colour temperature
Krāsas temperatūra. Nosaka spektra enerģijas sadalījumu un gaismas avota izstaroto krāsu kvalitāti. Krāsu temperatūra ir izteikta grādos pēc Kelvina (sk. Kelvin (K)) skalas. Lai nofotografētā objekta krāsas atbilstu īstenībai, svarīgi izvēlēties pareizo krāsu temperatūru. Ar cilvēka aci saskatāmā spektra daļa ir apmēram no 2,790 K līdz 11,000 K.
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[CUISINE]
A preset setting on the camera. It is one of the selections for the [SCENE] function. It is suitable for taking pictures of food with vivid colors. The camera is set automatically to macro mode allowing you to get really close to the subject.
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Color value size
Krāsu vērtība. Krāsu vērtība parāda starpību starp attēla gaišākajām un tumšākajām daļām.
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Compact digital camera
Kompaktās digitālās fotokameras. Šo fotokameru mazais izmērs un samazinātais svars padara šos viegli pārnēsājamos modeļus ideālus ceļošanas un ikdienas vajadzībām.
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CPU
Central Processing Unit abreviatūra. Centrālais procesors. Galvenais personālā datora procesors.
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Cross-button
Viena taustiņa vadība. Mainot spiediena punktu, ar viena taustiņa palīdzību iespējams izvēlēties starp vairākām izvēlnēm, kā arī izvēlēties un aktivizēt dažādas funkcijas.
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D
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Data security
Datu drošība. Termins tiek lietots, lai apzīmētu jebkuru līdzekli failu un programmu aizsardzībai un glabāšanai ilgākā laika periodā.
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Daylight Synchronization
When you take pictures during the day, this allows you to illuminate objects that are shadowed without sacrificing objects that already have enough light. A good example of this is when you take pictures of backlit people. It is most effective when the flash is not too strong and acts as a fill light.
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DCF
Design Rule for Camera File System abreviatūra. Fotokameru sistēmu failu projektēšanas noteikumi. Tas ir digitālo attēlu glabāšanas standarts, kas nosaka faila veidu, kā arī mapes un faila struktūras nosaukumu. Šis standarts pieļauj nesaspiežamo TIFF failu pārvēršanu saspiežamajos JPEG (sk JPEG)failos. JPEG fails ir Exif faila veids, un tajā var glabāt informāciju par fotokameru, piemēram, informāciju par fotogrāfēšanas datumiem un citus fotografēšanas parametrus. (Skatīt arī Exif, DPOF)
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Decoder
Dekoderis. Pretēji koderim, dekodē, piem., video.
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Default settings
When the battery has been removed for a long time, the settings of functions including Record Mode and white balance stored in the camera will be returned to the factory default settings. Default settings represent a status that is almost the same as these factory default setting. The camera will be returned to the default settings when the power is turned off, but settings such as date and time will be retained. For details on the default settings, refer to the camera's instruction manual.
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Dia
Saīsinājums Diapozitīvu filmai. Zināma arī kā divpusējā filma. Diafilmai ir emulsija, kas uzklāta uz pamatnes un ar īpašas ierīces (piem. dia projektora) palīdzību iespējams projicēt attēlu uz ekrāna. Diafilmām ir nepieciešams arī īpašs attīstīšanas process (tātad tām neder negatīvu filmu attīstīšanas ķimikālijas)......
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Depth of field
Lauka dziļums. Fotouzņēmuma fokusa laukums. Lauka dziļums ir atkarīgs arī no diafragmas izmēra, objektīva fokusa attāluma (sk. focal length) un fokusa punkta. To sauc arī par fokusa dziļumu.
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DIGIC
Digital Imaging Integrated Circuit saīsinājums. Canon īpaši izstrādāts procesors grafiskās informācijas apstrādei, tiek izmantots firmas pašas ražotajās digitālajās fotokamerās. Digic-Signālprocesora "pārziņā" atrodas taustiņu funkcijas, attēla struktūras apstrāde, automātiskā ekspozīcija, baltās krāsas balanss, signālu rediģēšana, JPEG kompresija, darbas ar maināmajām atmiņas kartēm un LCD displeju.
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Digital
Digitāls. Pretējs analogam. Digitālo informāciju veido ierobežota daudzuma pakāpes (piemēram, 256 krāsas, 8 biti). Pāriešana no viena digitālā elementa uz citu notiek pakāpeniski, un tā nav nepārtraukta.
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Digital Album
Zīmola Nixvue mobila starpliktuve.
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Digital ESP
Digitālā ESP ekspozīcijas kontrole. Daudzzonu mērīšanas sistēmas izmantošana nodrošina vislabāko ekspozīciju pat nepiemērota apgaismojuma apstākļos. Parastās daudzzonu mērīšanas sistēmas ekspozīciju nosaka ar informācijas nolasīšanas palīdzību no visa kadra. Digitālā ESP ekspozīcijas kontrole analizē spilgtuma izkārtojumu un pakāpi, izvēloties optimālos attēla parametrus, piemēram, , kad fotografē spēcīga aizmugures apgaismojuma vai saulrieta apstākļos. Digitālā ESP ekspozīcijas kontrole automātiski pielāgo nepieciešamos iestatījumus. (Skatīt arī Exposure metering, spot metering, reflected-light metering, exposure metering, light metering)
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Digital Imaging Software
Digitālo attēlu programmatūra. Attēlu rediģēšanas programmatūra. (Skatīt CAMEDIA Master)
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Digital tele
Digitālā tālummaiņa. Ar īpašu algoritmu (sk. algorithms) palīdzību dažas digitālās fotokameras nodrošina tālummaiņas efektus, pārrēķinot nofotografēto attēlu datus. Tomēr attēla palielināšana šādā veidā nozīmē arī attēla kvalitātes pasliktināšanos.
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Diopter
Dioptrija. Mērvienība objektīva staru laušanas spējas izmērīšanai. Fotografēšanā šo terminu izmanto tuvplānam un skatu meklētāja noregulēšanai, atbilstoši fotogrāfa redzes asumam.
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Diopter lens
Dioptriju lēca. Optiska ierīce, kas pieskrūvēta objektīva priekšā un darbojas kā palielināmais stikls. Pretēji makro adapterim, izmaina tika attēla izskatu, nemainot fokusēšanas attālumu. Faktiskais palielinājums tiek norādīts dioptrijās.
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Dioptric adjustment
Dioptriju regulēšana. Skatu meklētāja noregulēšana, atbilstoši fotogrāfa redzes asumam.
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Direct print function
Tiešā drukāšanas funkcija. Iespēja izdrukāt digitālos attēlus, neizmantojot datoru.
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Dead pixels
“Mirušie” pikseļi. Tie nereaģē (pretēji “karstajiem” pikseļiem (sk. hot pixels)) un attēlā tie saskatāmi kā melni punkti.
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Dot pitch
Punkta lielums. Runājot par monitoriem, šis termins nozīmē attālumu starp atsevišķiem punktiem. Jo mazāks attālums starp punktiem, jo asāks attēls. Labiem monitoriem punkta lielums parasti ir, sākot no 0.25 un 0.27 mm.
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Download
Lejupielāde. Datu saņemšanas process, izmantojot pastkasti, internetu vai kādu citu ierīci, piemēram, digitālo fotokameru pieslēdzot datoram (datu pārraide).
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Dispersion circle
Dispersion circle originate when there is a blur in the picture and is the deviation from the projection of a pixel on the motiv in the sensor. From the side of the objective there is on the motiv for every pixel a lightcone which point hits the sensor during focussing.In the case focussing is not possible, the point wil be broken of and be projected all over the sensor. At a certain deviation the cone point to the sensor level, which will be projected as a circle, indicated as blurred, so this is the dispersion circle.
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dpi
Punkti uz collu (1 colla = apmēram 2.54 cm). Mērvienība, kuru izmanto saistībā ar drukāšanu, lai aprakstītu attēla ģeometrisko izšķirtspēju (sk. resolution).
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Distortion
Izkropļojums. Attēla nepareiza interpretācija. Platleņķa objektīvi (sk. wide angle lenses) parasti attēlu izkropļo vairāk nekā teleobjektīvi (sk. tele lenses).
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DPOF
Digital Print Order Format abreviatūra. Digitālās drukāšanas secības formāts. Fotoindustrijas izstrādāts formāts, kas ļauj SmartMedia vai xD-Picture Card kartēs glabātos attēlus izdrukāt uzreiz vai arī veikt to vienkāršu profesionālu apstrādi fotolaboratorijās.
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Drive Mode
One of the functions related to the action of the camera when the shutter is released. It includes sequential shooting and AF sequential shooting. With some camera models, self-timer and auto-bracketing settings are also added.
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Driver
Dzinis. Neliela programma, kas nodrošina sakarus starp aplikācijprogrammu un konkrētu ierīci, piemēram, printeri (sk. printer) vai digitālo fotokameru.
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DSC
Digital Still Camera abreviatūra. Difgitālā fotokamera, šo saīsinājumu bieži izmanto kopā ar produkta numuru (piem. Sony DSC-F707) vai faila vārdā (piem. DSC030011.JPG).
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DSLR
Digital Single Lens Reflex abreviatūra. Digitālā spoguļfotokamera.
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DSP
Digital Signal Processor abreviatūra. Digitālais signālu procesors, elektronisks mikroprocesors disgitālo signālu rediģēšanai reālajā laikā. DSP pārziņā vienlaikus var atrasties vairākas funkcijas (piem. autofokuss. JPEG kompresija, saskarne).
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DTP
Desktop Publishing saīsinājums. Datorizdevniecība. Tā ir datora un specializētas programmatūras izmantošana, lai izveidotu tekstus un grafiku tieši uz datora monitora.
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Dual autofocus
No latīņu vārda "hybrida" = pusnobriedis, bastards. Kombinēta autofokusa sistēma, kas sastāv gan no aktīvā, gan pasīvā autofokusa.
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DVD-ROM
Digital Versatile Disc abreviatūra. Digitālais video disks. Lasāmatmiņas kompaktdiska (sk. CD-ROM) standarts ar daudz lielāku (piemēram, 9.4 GB) atmiņu nekā parastajam lasāmatmiņas kompaktdiskam.
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DXP
Digital eXtended Processor saīsinājums. Digitālais paplašinātais procesors, nosaukums īpašiem Sony ražotiem A/D pārveidotājiem vai signālu rediģēšanas daļām.
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Dye-sublimation
Krāsas sublimācija. Pustoņu attēlu drukāšanas veids. Lai pārnestu krāsu no printera lentes uz papīra, procesā tiek izmantots karstums. Attēlam ir ļoti augsta kvalitāte. Olympus CAMEDIA fotoprinteris P-400 ID veic A4 lieluma izdruku 90 sekunžu laikā, un izdrukas izšķirtspēja ir 314 punkti uz collu (sk. dpi), un izdrukā ir līdz pat 16.7 miljoniem krāsu.
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E
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EBV
Saīsinājums elektronikajai attēlu rediģēšanai. Skatīt arī: picture editing programm.
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Edit
Menu function that is available when the camera is in Playback mode. Depending on the camera model, picture correction functions such as "BRIGHTNESS" and picture processing functions such as "SEPIA" and "FRAME" are available.
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ED-Lens
Extra-Low Dispersion saīsinājums. Ļoti zema dispersija, kas norāda uz uz īspaša sastāva augstas kvalitātes lēcām, no kurām iespējams izveidot augstas kvalitātes objektīvu. Lēcas no ED-stikla spēj lauzt redzamā gaismas spektra visu krāsu starus vienādi, tādējādi tiek sasniegta nepārspējama attēla kvalitāte (asums, hromatiskā aberācija).
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Electronic viewfinder
Elektroniskais skatu meklētājs (sk. viewfinder). Elektronisko skatu meklētāju veido neliels šķidro kristālu ekrāns, kas, tāpat kā digitālajās spoguļkamerās, rāda caur objektīvu redzamo attēlu. CCD (sk. CCD)pusvadītāju uztvērējbloks pastāvīgi pārraida informāciju par nofotografēto attēlu uz elektronisko skatu meklētāju. Tā rezultātā kompozīcijas izvēle ir daudz vienkāršāka, jo fotogrāfs redz to pašu attēlu, kuru “redz” pati fotokamera. Šeit attēloti tiek arī fotografēšanas dati, piemēram, kadra numurs un iestatījumi.
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E-mail
E-pasts. Vispasaules elektroniskā pasta sistēma. Izmantojot tikai datoru, ar telefonlīniju palīdzību gandrīz tajā pašā brīdī ciparu formātā pārvērstos datus var nosūtīt uz jebkuru vietu pasaulē. Katram e-pasta lietotājam ir sava noteikta adrese, ar kuras palīdzību viņš kļūst elektroniski sasniedzams. Ar e-pasta vēstulēm iespējams nosūtīt arī failus, piemēram, digitālos attēlus.
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Encapsulated Postscript
Skatīt: EPS
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Encoder
Kodētājs, koderis. Pretējs dekoderim. Programma, kas kompresē (kodē) piem. video.
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EOS
Electro Optical System saīsinājums. Canon izstrādātās spoguļfotokameras ar autofokusu nosaukums.
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EPS
EPS formāts. Tas ir PostScript (sk. PostScript) valodas faila formāts. To atbalsta lielākā daļa grafisko un lappuses izkārtojumprogrammu. EPS failā paildus PostScript kodam, ir ietverts ari zemas izšķirtspējas attēls (sk. PICT).
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E-TTL
Short for Evaluative Through-the-Lens Mode. By Canon developed method for flash exposure measurement and -control. Contrary to TTL-flash control and -measurement, these two separate measure cells (one for the flash light and one for the ambient light) presupposes, becomes with the E-TTL the flash light also through the objective, however through the same measure cell measured as for the ambient light.This makes a precise syntonizing possible between flashlight and ambient light. With E-TTL flash measurement and -control, direct before de main flash and before the real exposure fires an ultra short (for the human eye not visible) measuring pre-flash, which an adjusted and capable electronic in camera and flash becomes.Therefor the E-TTL system will only function with the corresponding Canon cameras and flashes.
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Exif
Exif formāts. Digitālo fotokameru un citu ievadierīču radīto attēlu failu formāts. Exif failos ietilpst nesaspiežamie TIFF (sk. TIFF) faili, kā arī saspiežamie JPEG (sk. JPEG) formāta attēli, kā arī dati par fotokameras iestatījumiem. Izmantojot īpašas programmas, saglabāto informāciju iespējams parādīt. Exif 2.2 spēj saglabāt vēl vairāk informācijas, ieskaitot datus par fotografēšanas režīmu, baltā balansu un zibspuldzes iestatījumiem. Izmantojot iegūtos datus, iespējams iegūt optimālus drukāšanas rezultātus.
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Exposure
Ekspozīcija. Tās laikā CCD (sk. CCD) pusvadītāju uztvērējbloka sensori (vai ķīmiskās vielas fotofilmā analogo fotokameru modeļiem) zināmu laika periodu tiek pakļauti ārējai gaismai.
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Exposure control
Ekspozīcijas kontrole. Tā raksturo fotokameras kontroli pār ekspozīcijas laiku un diafragmu. Kontrole var būt pilnīgi automātiska ar ieprogrammētu ainavu fotografēšanas programmu, gan arī ar pusautomātisku diafragmas prioritātes fotografēšanas režīmu, slēdža prioritātes fotografēšanas režīmu vai manuālo režīmu ar pilnīgu diafragmas (sk. aperture) un slēdža (sk. shutter) kontroli.
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Exposure correction (compensation/ control)
Ekspozīcijas korekcija (kompensācija un kontrole). Apzināta novirze no gaismas mērītāja noteiktās vērtības. Izmaiņas var veikt manuāli (vāja- un pāreksponēšana (sk. overexposure)) vai arī ar ieprogrammētas automātiskās ekspozīcijas kontroles palīdzību.
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Exposure meter
Ekspozīcijas mērītājs (sk. Light meter).
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Exposure metering
Ekspozīcijas mērīšana (sk. metering).
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Exposure time
Eksponēšanas laiks. Laika periods, kurā slēdzis ir atvērts.
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F
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FAQ
Frequently Asked Questions abreviatūra. Biežāk uzdotie jautājumi.
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Fill-in Flash
One of the flash modes. When the flash mode is set to [AUTO], the camera sets off the flash according to the ambient light conditions. However, when the subject is darkened due to backlight, the flash may not automatically go off. Set to [Fill-in Flash] to set off the flash regardless of brightness.
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Film scanner
Filmu skeneris. Aparatūra negatīvu un slaidu pārvēršanai ciparu formātā. (Sk. Flash Film Scanner)
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Film sensitivity
Fotofilmas jutība. Informācija ir izteikta ISO vērtībā (sk. ISO value), kas aizstāj agrākās DIN un ASA (Amerikas Standartizācijas asociācija) noteiktās vērtības.
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Movie recording
An increasing number of digital cameras now allow the photographer to capture movie sequences. By taking hundreds of shots over the space of about a minute, a movie effect can be achieved (some cameras allow sound to be recorded to the movies too). These can then be included in presentations or incorporated into internet sites. (Sound recording.)
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Filter
Filtrs.
1. Caurspīdīga, visbiežāk krāsota stikla vai plastmasas loksne, kuru iespējams novietot objektīva priekšā, lai panāktu konkrētu efektu.
2. Attēlu rediģēšanas programmas iespēja, kas ļauj attēlā veikt zināmas izmaiņas, piemēram, mainīt krāsu, spilgtumu vai perspektīvu.
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File
Fails. Datu kopums, kas sakārtots saskaņā ar konkrētiem noteikumiem. Datorā failus pārvalda operētājsistēma (sk. operating system), un tos ilgstoši var uzglabāt ārējos informācijas glabātājos.
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Filter screw-thread
On the frontside of an objective (or on a special adapter) there is a special filter screw-thread for connecting filters.
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File format
Faila formāts. Nosaka faila saturu. Bieži sastopami ir šādi failu formāti <txt> teksta faili , <eps> (Encapsulated PostScript) kas datur PostScript informāciju un <tif> ”TIFF” attēliem.
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Firewire
Firewire pieslēgvieta. Seriāla datu pārraides saskarne (sk. Serial data transfer interface), kuras datu pārraides ātrums sasniedz 400 megabitus sekundē (50 MB sekundē). Reizēm to sauc par IEEE1394 saskarni (IEEE1394 interface). Tai piemīt dažas USB (sk. USB)īpašības, piemēram, Plug & Play (sk. Plug & Play), kā arī iespēja pieslēgt līdz pat sešdesmit ierīces.
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Firmware
Speciālā atmiņā (sk. ROM) fiksēta programmatūra, kas nodrošina fotokameras darbību.
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Flare
A camera lens is a combination of several lenses. Flare is caused by the stray reflections inside the lens of strong light sources like direct sunlight, making the picture duller. It occurs as the result of taking pictures against backlight (or semi-backlight).
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Flash Off
One of the flash modes. When the flash mode is set to [AUTO], the camera sets off the flash according to the ambient light conditions. However, flash photography may be prohibited in some locations. You can avoid accidentally setting off the flash by setting the flash mode to [Flash off].
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Flash Film Scanner
Digitālajām fotokamerām pievienota ierīce, kas pārvērš 35 mm negatīvus un slaidus ciparu formātā. (Sk. arī Film scanner)
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FlashPath Adapter
FlashPath adapteris. Nodrošina brīvu SmartMedia kartēs (sk. SmartMedia) saglabāto digitālo attēlu pārraidi uz personālo datoru. Atmiņas kartes ievieto adapterī un pēc tam datora diskdzinī.
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Fisheye lens
Zivsacs lēca jeb platleņķa objektīvs. Tā kā šiem objektīviem skatu leņķis ir 180°, tie veido ļoti nereālu attēlu. Pieejami diagonālie objektīvi, kas nodrošina visu kadru aizpildošu attēlu, kā arī apļveida objektīvi, kas kadrā projicē apaļu attēlu.
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Flash-ROM
Flash-ROM atmiņa. Informācijas saglabāšana atmiņā arī pēc tam, kad fotokamera ir izslēgta. Atšķirībā no tradicionālās lasāmatmiņas (ROM), Flash-ROM atmiņas saturu iespējams izdzēst un pārrakstīt ar iepriekš ieprogrammētas elektriskās strāvas palīdzību. Tāpēc Flash-ROM atmiņa ir operatīvās atmiņas (sk. RAM ) un lasāmatmiņas (sk. ROM) kombinācija.
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Flexizone-Autofokus
By the Canon company originaly developed autofocus system for camcorders, where -opposite to multiple-area-autofocus-systems- not on fixed point but at discretion will focus automatically. The choice from the measure points will made either automatically or (the camera tries to find out on which point which the main motiv is) and/or manualy (with cursor buttons or a joystick).
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Fixed focal length
Fiksētais fokusa attālums (sk. focal length). Kad fotokameras objektīvam tiek iestatīts fokusa attālums un objektīvu nav iespējams grozīt, optisko tālummaiņu (sk. optical zooming) nav iespējams izmantot.
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Flash range
Zibspuldzes darbības diapazons. Nepieciešamais zibspuldzes aptveramais attālums, lai objektu optimāli apgaismotu. Nepieciešamo attēlu aprēķina pēc Lamberta likuma. Tā kā attālums no gaismas avota tiek divkāršots, tikai ceturtā daļa no oriģinālā gaismas daudzuma sasniegs objektu. (Sk. arī Guide number)
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Fixed focus
Fiksētais fokuss. Fotokamerām ar fiksēto fokusu nav autofokusa (sk. autofocus) sistēmas. Fokuss un diafragma novietoti tā, lai visi objekti, kas atrodas noteiktā attālumā, būtu skaidri saskatāmi. Tomēr šo fotokameru tuvākā fokusēšanas distance nav īpaši maza un tām ir tikai neliels diafragmas (sk. aperture) atvērums.
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Flash
Zibspuldze. Uz īsu brīdi tā izstaro lielu gaismas daudzumu, lai apgaismotu objektu. Modernākās zibspuldzes darbības pamatā ir elektronu lampas. Datorizētās fotokameru zibspuldzes mēra un automātiski kontrolē intensitāti ar sensoru (sk. sensor), kas pavērsts uz objektu. (Skatīt arī Guide number)
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Flash synchronisation
Zibspuldzes sinhronizēšana. Nodrošina fotokameras slēdža atvēršanos zibspuldzes darbības laikā. Dažas fotokameras piedāvā iespēju sinhronizēt slēdža ieslēgšanos vai izslēgšanos (attiecīgi slēdža pirmā aizlaidņa un otrā aizlaidņa sinhronizācija).
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Hot shoe
Hot shoe pieslēgvieta zibspuldzei. Piespraužams ārējās zibspuldzes sistēmas (kā arī tālvadības vai zibspuldzes adaptera) savienotājs, kas parasti atrodas fotokameras augšā. Lai nodrošinātu fotokameras un zibspuldzes savienojumu, tam ir divi balsti un viens vai vairāki elektriskie kontakti centrā. Ja kontakts netiek nodrošināts, tam ir tikai aksesuāra nozīme. Lai novērstu izslīdēšanu no Hot shoe pieslēgvietas, zibspuldzei parasti ir Hot shoe kontaktvieta un saslēgšanas mehānisms.
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Flash duration
Zibspuldzes darbības laiks. Fotokameras zibspuldzes sinhronizācija nodrošina objekta apgaismojumu laikā, kad slēdzis ir atvērts.
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Focal length multiplier
Fokusa attāluma reizinātājs.
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Focus Lock
One of the focusing techniques that are available. In general, the camera performs focusing and metering when the shutter button is pressed halfway. The focus and exposure will be fixed for as long as you continue pressing the shutter button halfway. Then, move the camera to your desired framing and press the shutter button down all the way. Use this technique when no subject exists at your desired focusing point.
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Format
Formāts. Saistībā ar datoriem formāts apzīmē faila veidu, piemēram, JPEG, TIFF vai DOC. Fotografēšanā u.c. jomās ar šo terminu apzīmē arī attēla divdimensiju izmēru. Kompakto fotokameru radīto attēlu proporcijas parasti ir 3:2 (formāts: 36 x 24 mm). Digitālo attēlu proporcijas parasti ir 4:3, bet dažas fotokameras piedāvā iespēju proporcijas pārveidot uz 3:2. Drukāšanā „formāts” apzīmē izdrukas lielumu, piemēram, 9 x 13 cm, 10 x 15 cm vai 13 x 18 cm.
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Frame assist
Some camera models display gridlines on the LCD monitor to assist you in deciding the picture composition. There are also camera models that display horizontal and vertical gridlines on the monitor, while other models display them in the shape of a cross.
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Freeware
Brīvprogrammatūra. Programma, kuras lietošana ir bezmaksas, bet kuru nedrīkst pārdot. Atšķirībā no izplatāmprogrammatūras, brīvprogrammatūru nav jāreģistrē.
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Front Light
It means that the light source is behind you (the photographer). The light comes from in front of the subject, so the exposure setting automatically determined by the camera can normally produce good pictures.
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Focal length
Fokusa attālums. Attālums no objektīva sistēmas centra līdz fotofilmai vai CCD pusvadītāju uztvērējblokam, t.i., lai attēls atrastos fokusā. Standarta fokusa attālums veido attēlu, kurš rada tādu pašu attēlu, kādu saskata cilvēka acs (apmēram 50 mm analogajās fotokamerās un apmēram 7 mm digitālajās fotokamerās, kurās ir 1/3” CCD pusvadītāju uztvērējbloks).
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FTP
File Transfer Protocol abreviatūra. Failu pārraides protokols – protokols failu pārraidei starp datoriem un internetu (sk. Internet).
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Focusing
Fokusēšana. Objektīva elementu stāvokļa pielāgošana attēla ietveršanai fokusā, lai attēls būtu skaidrs un ass.
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Full automatic
Pilnīgi automātisks režīms, kurā fotokamera kontrolē gan diafragmu (sk. aperture) un ekspozīciju (sk. shutter), gan arī visus pārējos iestatījumus, piemēram, zibspuldzi.
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G
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Gamma correction
Gammas regulēšana. Process, kurā tiek optimizētas kontrasta vērtības.
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Memory effect
A problem with NiCd rechargeable batteries where, if the battery is repeatedly charged when not fully empty, the battery just remembers its capacity when it was “topped up” and not its actual capacity. The result: the battery loses power over time.
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Sound recording
Some modern digital cameras enable sound to be recorded to either movie sequences or still images. Therefore, through the use of the built-in (or external) microphone, sound effects can be added to images. (movie recording)
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Ghosting
A camera lens is a combination of several lenses. Ghosting is caused by the stray reflections inside the lens of strong light sources like direct sunlight. It occurs as the result of taking pictures against backlight (or semi-backlight).
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GIF
Graphic Interchange Format abreviatūra. GIF jeb grafikas apmaiņas formāts. Plaši lietots datorgrafikas failu formāts.
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Gigabyte
1 Gigabaits = 1,024 Megabaiti (sk. Megabytes).
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GIMP
"GNU Image Manipulation Programme" saīsinājums. Bezmaksas programm attēlu rediģēšanai, kas tiek izplatīta ar GNU General Public Licence.
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Glossy
Fotopapīrs (tradicinālais vai strūklu printera papīrs) ar spīdīgu virsmu.
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GPS
Globālā pozicionēšanas sistēma. GPS uztvērējs ar satelītu palīdzību nosaka jebkuras vietas precīzas koordinātes un tās augstumu virs jūras līmeņa.
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Grey scale
Pelēko toņu skala. Toņu skala, kurā attēlotas krāsas no baltās līdz melnajai. Ierīces, kuras spēj attēlot tikai melnbaltus datus, pārvērš krāsu atšķirības dažādos pelēkās krāsas toņos.
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Green stitch
Pārāk liela zaļās krāsas ietekme
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Wide angle
Wide angle lenses are those with focal lengths of 35 mm* and lower. The typical qualities of these lenses are a wide viewing angle, (60° to 180°) and a large depth of field. Standard wide angle lenses are classified as having focal lengths of 28 to 35 mm*; super wide angle lenses have values of 24 mm* or less. (Tele, zoom)
(* Refers to a 35 mm camera)
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H
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Half-Press
When the shutter button is not pressed down all the way, but is stopped halfway down. Normally, the shutter button is pressed in two stages. The first stage adjusts the focus and the light is metered to adjust the shutter speed and aperture value. While in this state, the focus and metering value are set.
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Hard drive /disk
Cietais disks. Ierīce pastāvīgai programmu un informācijas glabāšanai arī pēc datora izslēgšanas.
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Hardware
Aparatūra. Tā ir datu apstrādes sistēmas fiziskā daļa, kurā ietilpst pats dators un ārējās ierīces (sk. peripheral devices), piemēram, monitors, pele, printeris, digitālā fotokamera u.c.
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Hi Colour
Attēls ar augstu krāsu izšķirtspēju. Attēls, kurā ir vismaz 32,000 krāsu. (Sk. arī True Colour)
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Histogram
Histogramma. Ainavas spilgtuma sadalījuma attēlojuma grafiks, kurā rādīts tumšo un gaišo pikseļu (sk. pixels) sadalījums. Datus iespējams izmantot attēla ekspozīcijas novērtēšanai. Histogrammas atrodamas ekskluzīvajos digitālo fotokameru modeļos.
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Homepage
Sākumlapa. Pirmā lap Internet vietnē.
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Hotline
Klientu tehniskā atbalsta centrs.
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Hot pixels
“Karstie” pikseļi. Tie attēlā parādās balta punkta veidā un pēc izmēra ir nedaudz lielāki par vienu pikseli.
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Hot plugging
Karstā spraudnēšana. Iespēja datora darbības laikā ar spraudņiem tam pievienot vai no tā atvienot ierīces tā, ka operētājsistēma automātiski uztver izdarītās pārmaiņas. Dators nav jārestartē. Karsto spraudnēšanu nodrošina tādi ārējās kopnes standarti kā USB un attiecīgā operētājsistēma. (Sk. arī Plug and Play)
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HQ resolution
Augstas kvalitātes izšķirtspēja. Šo terminu lieto, runājot par augstas kvalitātes digitālajām fotogrāfijām.
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Html
Hypertext markup language abreviatūra. Html valoda jeb hiperteksta iezīmēšanas valoda. Tas ir globālajā tīmeklī (sk. World Wide Web) izmantojams faila formāts.
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http
Html valoda jeb hiperteksta iezīmēšanas valoda. Tas ir globālajā tīmeklī WWW izmantojams faila formāts.
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Hyper focal setting
The hyper focal is a certain distance, with whom you get the depth of field; the hindmost focal point is allways at infinity. Wenn the camera uses a fixed aperature and a fixed focal length and also to this two parameters fitting hyperfocal distance has been adjusted, everything halfway from hyperfocal distance to infinity will be in focus.
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I
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Imaging software
Attēlveidošanas programmatūra. Programmatūra, kas paredzēta digitālo attēlu u.c. multivides failu pārvaldībai un rediģēšanai.
(CAMEDIA Master)
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Image Tank
Kompānijas Level Electronics izveidotā mobilā atiņas ierīce.
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Index print
Indeksa izdruka. Vairāku samazinātu attēlu izdruka uz vienas loksnes.
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[INDOOR]
A preset setting on the camera. It is one of the selections for the [SCENE] function. The light of the flash can be too strong for shooting indoors. This preset setting uses higher ISO sensitivities. This allows you to use a flash that is less strong than normal when shooting indoors and to avoid the likelihood of blur when not using the flash.
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Ink jet printer
A printer that by spraying tiny black or coloured ink dots onto paper produces a hardcopy image.
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Internal memory
Iebūvētā atmiņa. Atmiņa, kas ir iebūvēta fotokamerā un nav maināma vai izņemama.
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Internet
Worldwide network of computers that allows for the global exchange of information.
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Interpolation
Calculating non-existent image data from captured image data. Interpolation is used by all digital cameras to determine colour data from neighbouring sensors. (The reason, a sensor can only record one colour.) Interpolation can also be used to increase (or decrease) an image’s resolution. The quality of the resulting photo depends on the capabilities of the algorithm used. It is important to remember, interpolation cannot produce detail that has not been captured.
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IPTC/NAA-Standard
Standard for storing picture information (so called meta files) in JPEG files. The information is not visible in the picture, but they are wrapped up in the picture file and can be shown and worked up with an appropriate programm.This standard is developed by the "International Press Telecommunications Council" (IPTC) and the "Newspaper Association of America" (NAA).
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iSAPS
Short for "intelligent Scene Analysis based on Photographic Space". By the Canon Company developed technology. On the basis of the distance of the motif, the focal length, the aiming of the camera (thanks to the orientation sensor) and the lightness of the motif makes it possible for the DIGI respectively iSAPS to make a profil from the motif and compare it with characteristic properties typical motif situations, which are stored inside the camera databank. Due to these informations, is it possible for the camera to adjust the picture parameters (f.i. Exposure, white balance etc.)to the circumstances.
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ISO Norm
International Standard Organization (Starptautikā standartu organizācija). (Film sensitivity)
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J
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Jaggies
Slang term for the stair-stepped appearance of a curved or angled line in digital imaging. The smaller the pixels, and the greater their number, the less apparent the “jaggies”. Also known as pixelisation.
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JEIDA
Saīsinājums no Japan Electronics Industry Development Association. Japānas atmiņas karšu standartu komiteja.
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JPEG
Joint Photographic Experts Group. The de facto standard for image compression in digital imaging devices which enables different levels of compression to be selected. Because brightness information is more important than colour data, most pixels only store the brightness information. When the JPEG file is opened, the missing colour data is automatically calculated from the existing information. (MPEG)
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JPEG2000
Successor format from the JPEG store method. Thanks to the so called Wavelet-compression there is less quality los as with a higher compression density as with JPEG. Nowadays hardly supported.
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JPG
File ending for JPEG files.
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K
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Kbit/s
Kilobits per second. The number of kilobits transmitted per second. (Baud)
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Kelvin scale
Temperature scale beginning at absolute zero (approx. –273° Celsius = 0 Kelvin). Therefore Celsius values can easily be converted into Kelvin by adding 273 degrees to the Celsius value. (Colour temperature)
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Kilobit
1 Kilobit = 1,000 bits.
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Kilobyte
1 Kilobyte = 1,024 bytes.
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L
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LAB
LAB colours consist of a luminance or brightness component and two chromatic components.
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[LANDSCAPE+PORTRAIT]
A preset setting on the camera. It is one of the selections for the [SCENE] function. Use this setting when taking pictures including people and landmarks or scenery.
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Large format
Name for the analogue Planfilm-System. The greatest filmsize in film-based photography . Typical picture sizes are 4 x 5 and 9 x 12 cm. For this size are special - mostly technical very simple (without electronics), allmost allways manual adjusting - cameras (named Precision- or Field camera) available. Because this cameras have between the lens and the film bearer movable bellows, it makes it possible to obtain through moving on both levels perspective corrections (f.i. anti-distorsion) and a so called focus extension.
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Laser printer
A printer that uses a laser beam to project characters and graphics onto a drum, which then electrographically transfers the image, using toner, onto paper. Laser printers are known for their high quality reproduction and printing speed.
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LCD
Liquid Crystal Display (šķidro kristālu displejs). LCD bieži tiek izmantoti kalkulatoros, pulksteņos, digitālajās fotokamerās un portatīvajos datoros.
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LED
Saīsinājums no Light Emitting Diode (gaismu izstarojša diode), bieži izmantota kā signāllampiņa.
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Lens
Transparent glass or plastic that has been formed and polished to form a certain shape, usually spherical. When a beam of light reaches the area between the air and the lens, a part of this light is always reflected. The remaining light passes into the lens and alters its propagation direction, i.e. the light is refracted. The incorporation of various lenses (converging and diverging lenses) creates a lens system. When optimally arranged, they allow the subject to be presented correctly on the image plane.
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Lens adapter
Adapter between the end of the camera’s lens and the lens converter. A step-up-ring is also a type of lens adapter.
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Lens hood
Made from metal or plastic, the hood fits on the end of the lens to shade the front lens element from incidental light, which could otherwise cause reflections, glare and ghosting.
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Lens system
Group of lenses (sometimes just one lens) that enable the sharpest and brightest pictures to be taken. Often simply referred to as the lens or objective. There are various lenses available such as wide-angle, normal, macro, and tele with fixed focal distances as well as zoom lenses with adjustable focal distances.
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Light intensity
1. Relationship of the maximum diameter of an objective to its focal distance. It is equal to the smallest aperture value (i.e. the largest opening). Whereas the zoom lenses on analogue cameras have a light intensity of F4, good digital cameras have lenses with a value less than F3.0.
2. The light intensity from sources of light measured in Candela. (Flash)
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Line sensor
Image sensor that is read line for line and of which the CCD is a typical example.
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LINUX
By Linus Thorvald developed free operating system which builts up on the commercial network Unix. Linux is a so called "Open-Source-Programm" and which comes within the General Public License (GPL), which means, the source code has been made public, the source code can be modified and the software is available for free because there is no payment requiered for the licence. Nowadays it is possible that commercial companies requier money for commerce and documentation.
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Lithium battery
An accumulator type battery with a high energy density making it ideal for mobile phones, still and video cameras. Generally, the lithium battery is the main battery and the lithium ion battery is a secondary, rechargeable battery.
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Lpi
Lines per inch. Unit of measurement for the resolution of printed images. (Dots per inch)
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LSI
Short for Large Scale Integration. Name for electronical components which have different functions at one time or on which are integrated different components with special functions.
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Skylight-Filter
Filter which - as the UV-filter - stops the UV light, oposite to thisone not colorneutral, but light pink coloured. Used mainly for reducing the atmospheric fog (vapour) and for protecting the camera.
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LZW
Developed by Lempel, Zif, and Welsh: a special kind of compression reducing required storage capacity for Bitmap formats without loss in quality.
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M
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Mac
Abbreviated name of the Apple Macintosh computer. This computer is often used for graphics applications and image processing.
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Mac OS
Apple Macintosh datoru operētājsistēma.
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Macro shooting
Shooting while having the camera just a very short distance from the subject, such as 2 cm or 20 cm away.
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Macro position
Special setting on a camera respectively on an objective, which shortens the closest focus range.
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mAh
Saīsinājums no miliampērstunda. Akumulatoru ietilpības mērvienība. Jo augstāka vērtība, jo vairāk enerģijas akumulators spēj uzkrāt.
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Manual Focus (MF)
This allows you to set the focus manually. The camera's auto focus function can attain proper focus on normal subjects, but you will need to fix the focus on a certain position when taking pictures of dark or fast-moving subjects. Some camera models have a dedicated button for the manual focusing, while there are others (e.g. C-70 ZOOM) that open the focus setting screen when you hold down the OK/MENU button. There are also camera models that do not have this function.
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Manual Mode (M)
In this mode, you can manual set the shutter speed and the aperture value. Most camera models display how much your setting combination is diffrent from the optimum exposure setting metered by the camera.
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Mass Storage Class
USB Mass Storage Class.
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Megapixel
For Megapixel the transducer of a digitalcamera has around 1 Mio. Pixels.
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Megapixel digital camera
Digital camera equipped with a CCD that can record images with over 1,000,000 pixels. Today, cameras with up to 5 megapixels are in the price range of amateur users.
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Memory Card
This is what you save your pictures on, and is therefore equivalent to camera film in traditionary photography. Compact digital cameras use xD-Picture Card. Some camera models allow you to use both xD-Picture Card and CompactFlash Card.
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Memory Stick
Kompānijas Sony izstrādāts maināmās atmiņas veids.
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Menu
This is a collection of shooting/playback functions that are available on the camera. The menu is displayed on the monitor when you press the MENU button. The menu is further divided into items such as "SETUP" and "MODE MENU"depending on their purposes. You can use the arrow pad to select a setting.
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Metering system
A function for measuring the brightness (light). You may wish to select a different metering system, depending on the size of the area in which the light is measured.
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MF
Saīsinājums no Manuālā Fokusēšana.
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Microdrive
A miniature hard drive from IBM that fits the Compact Flash Type II format. To record images to a Microdrive, a digital camera not only needs to be compatible with Compact Flash Type II, but also electronically compatible (able to provide the power required and have the necessary firmware.)
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Microprocessor
Electronical part of the camera which processes the signals from the A/D/ converter
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Middle contact
Electronical contact on every hotshoe for transferring the fire orders from the flash. Because this contact is the main contact and it is always situated in the middle of the hotshoe, it is also called middle contact.The middle contact diameter is also bigger than the extra contact on systemhotshoes.
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Mignon
Named for batteries with a standard measure fom 14,5 x 50,5 mm. Most frequently used battery format. Also known as AA (American name) or R6 Batterie ( international official name).
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MiniCards
Small memory cards that are manufactured by Intel (Miniature Cards) or Toshiba (SSFDC).
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Modem
Word derived from Modulation and Demodulation. A device which transforms digital data into analogue signals in order to send the information through a telephone line. A modem is necessary to access the internet or online services.
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Moiré
An interference pattern brought about when images of differing resolution are superimposed. This problem may occur, for example, if small diamond shapes are to be reproduced on a television screen.
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Monochrome
A picture in only one colour or in black and white.
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Motion JPEG
Some digital cameras can record a fast sequence of images in QuickTime Motion JPEG format.
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MPEG
Motion Picture Expert Group. The abbreviation is used to describe a compression format for digitised video images. (JPEG)
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MPU
Mathematical Processing Unit. Either an integrated or separate component of a processor, which carries out the mathematical calculations, e.g. for certain image processing tasks.
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Multimedia card
A flash memory card used in some digital cameras and MP3 players.
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Multi measuring cell
Electronical component for multiple spot measuring.
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Multi-spot autofocus
An autofocus system that uses readings from several different points in the frame to determine the proper focus.
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Multi-spot exposure metering
With this system, the user can take readings from a number of freely-definable points. The camera recalculates the average exposure after each reading.
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[MUSEUM]
A preset setting on the camera. It is one of the selections for the [SCENE] function. The [MUSEUM] setting can be used in situations where you do not want to bother the people around you. Not only is the flash turned off, but camera sounds such as button operation sounds and the focusing sound emitted when the shutter button is half-pressed are also turned off.
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N
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ND Filter
A type of filter that can be attached to the lens. This adjusts the amount of light that enters the lens without affecting the picture color. Use this filter when you wish to use a slow shutter speed in bright daylight, or to shoot with lens aperture open.
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Negative
Film coated with a light sensitive emulsion that after exposure and processing produces the images taken with the camera in complementary values. (Slide)
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Network
The connection of several individual computers to aid data exchange and communication.
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NiCd battery
Nickel-Cadmium battery.
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[NIGHT+PORTRAIT]
A preset setting on the camera. It is one of the selections for the [SCENE] function. Set [SCENE] to [NIGHT+PORTRAIT] when taking pictures of people with night scenery in the background. Some models allow you to set  from the mode dial.
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Night Scene
A preset setting on the camera. It is one of the selections for the [SCENE] function. Use this setting when taking pictures of night scenery. Some models allow you to set  from the mode dial.
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Ni-MH battery
Nickel-Metal Hydride battery. Rechargeable batteries that have an energy density 100% higher than NiCd batteries and can supply high energy levels when required, e.g. when using the flash in quick succession. They can be recharged more than 300 times and are environmentally-friendly (free of cadmium and mercury). Among other devices, Ni-MH batteries are used to power digital cameras.
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Nodal point
The optimal turning point of the camera is the so called Nodal Point, this is the point of intersection between the optical axes and the main surface of the object. When a beam of light hits in a certain angle on the picture side nodal point, the beam of light will leave the objectside nodal point under the same angle. A good description for this point could also be "optical centre". The nodal point is impotant with taking panorama pictures.
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NTSC
National Television Standards Committee. American television standard for the coding/ encoding of colours. Developed in 1953 this US TV norm is defined by an image size of 640 x 480 pixels and a frequency of 60 Hz (interlaced, i.e. 2 x 30 half images per second). (PAL, SECAM)
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O
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Object-lens tube
Tube sized housing from an objective.
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Underexposure
When a shot does not receive enough light with the result that the scene is too dark.
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Shutter time lag
Time between the instant the release is fully depressed and the actual moment of capture. This does not include the time when the release is half depressed to activate (if available) the autofocus system, etc.
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Shooting range
The range in which a camera is able to capture sharp, focused images.
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Rechargeable battery
Type of battery that once empty can be recharged using a charger. The most common types of rechargeable batteries are nickel metal hydride (Ni-MH) nickel cadmium (Ni-Cd), lithium ion (li-ion) and lithium polymer (li-po) batteries. (Battery pack)
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Li-Ion rechargeable battery
Very lightweight rechargeable battery with a very high capacity (up to twice that of a NI-MH rechargeable battery) and one that does not suffer from memory effect problems. While regular lithium ion batteries are available as mignon batteries, the rechargeable versions are only used in custom-made forms requiring special chargers.
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Li-Po rechargeable battery
The lithium polymer battery represents a new type of technology that unlike Ni-MH, NiCd and Li-Ion cells does not need a metal casing. Instead, the electrodes are covered with flexible plastic or aluminium foil. They also have a very high energy density so that they can be smaller but provide higher performance than other rechargeable batteries. Furthermore, they are easier and cheaper to produce in the medium term than Li-Ion rechargeable batteries but, like the latter they are only available in custom-made forms requiring special chargers.
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Image capacity
Attēlu ietilpība. Attēlu skaits, ko iespējams safotografēt pirms informācijas glabātāja maiņas.
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OLYMPUS
One of the worldwide leaders in the optio-digital market. Olympus entered the field of digital imaging at photokina 1996. From the very beginning, the company offered a complete digital photography system. With its vision, Olympus quickly became, and has remained, a driving force in this booming sector.
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OLYMPUS Master
Picture management and editing software. It is included in the CD-ROM supplied with the camera. When you upgrade to the Plus version, you can enjoy additional functions like the creation of 360-degree panoramic movies, digital albums that can be posted on the Internet, and more.
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Optical real image viewfinder
Shows the actual area that can be photographed.
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Optional
From Latin "optio" (= wish, free option) With cameras: accessory wich can be purchased as an extra and is not a part of the standard box.
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Overexposure
When a shot receives too much light so that the photo is too bright and colours are bleached out.
Underexposure.
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P
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PAL
Phase Alternating Line. A colour television standard developed in Germany in 1967 and used in many European and non-European countries. The image size is 786 x 576 pixels with a frequency of 50 Hz interlaced (2 x 25 half images are generated each second). (NTSC, SECAM)
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Pan-Focus
Special programm mode in which the autofocus can be turned off and the camera will adjust the focal point and the diaphragm so that everything in a certain distance area will be in focus. Because there will be no autofocus proces, the shutter can be opened without a focus conditioned time delay. In photography jargon allso called Hyperfocal Setting. Fixed focus cameras function as well according to the Hyperfocal Setting principle.
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Panorama picture
Generally speaking named for pictures which are at least twice as wide as high and which are suited for picture motivs with a really great angle of coverage (up to 360 ). Real panorama pictures show a greater angel of coverage than pictures with a traditional side proportion.With common panorama technology the camera turns around it own spindle during shooting or several pictures will be united to an extra long picture. For the last method several digital cameras own a so called Panorama respectively Stich-Assistent which indicates from two removed separate pictures the points of intersection for easy seamless uniting of the pictures with the special software. Simply Panorama systems cut of the upper or lower margin of a picture to hold out a panorama picture; but the angle of coverage will not be bigger as with a "normal" picture.
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Panorama function
Special function that allows the stitching together of numerous pictures to create a panorama effect. SmartMedia and xD-Picture Cards from Olympus make it particularly easy to create such compositions when used in conjunction with a compatible Olympus digital camera.
(SmartMedia function card)
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Pantone
A colour scale consisting of about 3,000 gradations in tone that is used in editing digital images.
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Parallax error
When the motif seen through the camera’s viewfinder does not correspond with what will be captured by the lens due to the different viewing positions of the two. When shooting close up, the degree of error can lead to incorrectly framed images. Some cameras feature a viewfinder with correction markings to prevent this while others automatically compensate for the parallax effect. In digital cameras, the parallax error can be avoided by framing shots with the LCD monitor (if available).
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PC-Synchro cable
Standard plug for connecting a Studio Flash and an older compact flash to cameras.The cable is only used for transmitting the flash commands: opposite to TTL flash control were there are no signals transmitted for controlling the exposure. The short for PC has by the way nothing to do with in computer technology used short for "Personal Computer", however originally derived from Prontor and Compur ( two type defenitions of shutters from Middle Format and Larg Format cameras), because in the past these frequently used type of shutters were directly connected to the flash. See also: Flash synchronisation.
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PC-Synchro plug
Plug for connecting a pc synchron cable.
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PDF
Short for " Portable Document Format" . By the Adobe company developed special file format for documents (f.i. manuals, prospects, message). The PDF format allows a uniform description from the corresponding documents in original layout and with the original lettertype on the monitor and on paper. PDF documents can be opened, placed, or printed with the Acobat Reader from Adobe which can be obtained free of charge.
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Photo CD
A process developed by Kodak and Philips that enables the digital storage of conventional photographs and slides on a CD-ROM. As such, the digitised picture may be loaded into a computer and viewed or edited like other digital images.
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PictBridge
Protocol (manufacturer overstepping) for direct heading of a printer with a digital camera. Makes printing possible from a digital camera without a pc and the printer does not has to have memory cards slots. For this it' s neccessary that the printer as well as the camera are PictBridge standard compatibel.
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Picture Transfer Protocol
see PTP
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P.I.M
Print Image Matching technology. Developed by Epson for even more realistic colours in digital photo prints. Information about the colour scale and other relevant data (such as light values, colour saturation, colour balance, contrast etc.) are recorded in the Exif file header and can then be used by P.I.M. compatible printers when printing.
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Pixel
The pixel is the smallest element of a raster display or digital image and contains information about intensity and colour. A pixel can be either square or rectangular. Generally, monitors or ink-jet prints consist of pixels with up to 256 dots per colour. Exception: dye-sublimation printer.
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Pixel modulation
A process used in printing which changes the brightness of individual pixels by changing the pixel size.
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Pixel mapping
Term for process by which defective pixels on a CCD are recognised and compensated for. The missing data is calculated by using the values from surrounding pixels.
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Pixel-Shift
Shooting technology with digital cameras, where in a fraction of a second two successive shots with slightly (in micrometer-area) moved shootinglevel (by moving the transducer or through moving the by the objective embraced image) are made. Therefore it is possible for the transducer to filter the two images differently, which has as a result less interpolation ostentation and therefor a better image quality.
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PL Filter
A type of filter that can be attached to the lens. Removes the light reflection from the subject surface. Removing light reflected by the subject surface enables better color reproduction and enhanced contrast.
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PMA
Photo Marketing Association, Internation organisation of Photo dealers. They organise every year in February a mainly for the American market intended, Photo Fair in the USA.
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PNG
Portable Network Graphics. A lossless compression file format used for storing images. (JPEG, MPEG, LZW, ZIP)
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Polarisation filter
Filter that only lets light through that is coming from a certain direction and so helps cut out reflections from non-metallic surfaces (like glass and water). Use of the filter also increases colour saturation, making blue skies even bluer, for example.
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Portrait
Portrait refers to pictures of people, especially photographic portraits. Depending on how much of the subject is in the composition, there are long, medium and close up shots.
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Positive film
A type of film. It is also called a slide film, and is exposed directly in the camera and processing through a direct positive process to give positive color images that are directly viewable on a slide projector. It offers superior color saturation and tonal range than negative films.
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Postscript
A standard format for the printing or reproduction of text and graphical documents.
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Ppi
Printing term for pixel per inch. Indicates the number of pixels a scanner or digital camera can process per inch.
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Print Image Matching
Skatīt PIM
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Printing media (paper)
For optimum printing results, it is important to choose the best printing media. Olympus not only offers paper and printer ribbons for its dye-sublimation printers, but also provides print media for the
ink-jet user too. In addition to the specially coated, super high quality InkJet Photomedia, the CAMEDIA series also features other paper types with a variety of finishes, from high-gloss to poly-silk fabric.
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Processor
Procesors.
Datora "sirds". Tas izpilda visas programmas un lietotāja komandas. CPU.
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Progressive CCD
Describes a CCD specially developed for digital cameras. (Video CCD)
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Prosumer camera
Term to describe a camera with features of professional models that also appeal to the consumer.
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PTP
Picture Transfer Protocol is an image data transfer protocol (like the TCP/IP protocol for the Internet) that is intended to do away with the need for special digital camera drivers. PTP compatible devices, such as digital cameras, computers, mobile phones, printers, etc., should be able to transfer data among each other without the user needing to install any drivers.
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Q
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Quick shooting mode
This function allows a number of photos to be taken in quick succession (usually with one to two seconds between each shot). With a large memory (D-RAM) it is even possible to take high resolution shots with only a tenth of a second between them. The images are then later saved onto the cards.
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QuickTime
Developed by Apple, this is a standard for digital videos and streaming media. Many internet videos are in QuickTime format.
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QuickTime Motion JPEG
A file format created by Apple for saving and compressing animated audio/video data (videoclips, for example). Best played with Apple QuickTime-Player.
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QuickTime VR
Addition to QuickTime for saving and displaying panorama images.
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QVGA
Quarter VGA. Nosaukums attēla izšķirtspējai 320 x 240 pikseļi, tāda izšķirtspēja ļoti bieži ir video ierakstiem. Skatīt arī VGA
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QXGA
Quad Extended Graphics Array. Attēlu rādīšanas standarts displejā. Tipiskā izšķirtspēja ir 2,048 x 1,536 pikseļi. (SXGA, VGA, UXGA, XGA)
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R
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RAM
Random Access Memory. The user can read and write data from/onto this type of memory. RAM is used to temporarily store both data and programs. As opposed to ROM, all memory stored in RAM is lost when the power is turned off and is therefore called volatile memory. (SIMM)
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Peripheral device
General term for computer accessories.
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Raster length
The number of raster points that can be displayed per inch. Given in lines per centimetre (L/cm) or per inch (lpi). A 60 raster is 60 L/cm or 152 lpi.
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RAW
Some cameras allow files to be saved in the RAW format. These contain the image information as it is sent directly from the CCD, i.e. before the camera has carried out any processing at all. The RAW files are usually smaller than if saved in TIFF format because the colour information has not been processed at that point. To see and edit the files and then save them in a more conventional format, a special program or plug-in is required.
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Real image viewfinder
Optical real image viewfinder.
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Resolution
Measurement of the image detail (dots per inch/ centimetre) that a device can capture or reproduce. With a monitor or printer, the resolution describes the number of pixels that can be shown. When used with devices for image capture, such as digital cameras or scanners, the resolution refers to the number of pixels that record the image. The result is given in dpi (“dots per inch” 1 inch = 2.54 cm), the horizontal and vertical total of pixels (e.g. 2,288 x 1,712 ) or in lpmm (line pairs per millimetre, which describes the highest number of thin black and white lines that can be displayed per millimetre). A good small image film has, for example, a resolution of approximately 150 lpmm (300 dpi rounded out to 118 dots per centimetre). In general, it can be said that the higher the resolution, the better the quality.
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RGB
Red, Green, Blue (sarkans, zaļš, zils) – trīs pamatkrāsas aditīvajā krāsu jaukšanā (additive colour mixing).
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Guide Number
Gaismas izlaides mērs. Maksimālā fotokameras zibspuldzes jauda, par pamatu ņemot 100 ISO jutīguma fotofilmu. Fotokamerās iebūvēto zibspuldžu gaismas izlaide ir no 10 līdz 20, kompaktajām zibspuldzēm - no 20 līdz 40, bet rokas zibspuldzēm no 45 līdz 60.
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RIP
Hardware or software, which converts a postscriptum file into a for a printer or other device suitable raster format. The RIP-software is usually a part of the postcriptum software.
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RISC
Reduced Instruction Set Computer. A processor or system that has extremely fast processing times, but recognises only a small number of commands.
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Red eye reduction
Technical measures for red-eye reduction effects with flash shooting. Red lightning eyes originate during the reflextion of the flash light in the retina of the eye.The effect will appear more often, if the the pupil is opened wide and the closer the built-in flash is near the axe of the objective. As a counteract, they will try to reduce the red-eye-efect by using a bundled ambient light or pre-flash for the actually shooting so the pupils will close a little.
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Red stitch
Affected with a red stitch.
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ROM
Read Only Memory. This type of memory storage only allows the user to “read” the information it contains, i.e. the user cannot store (write) any information on the ROM. Once written, the contents of the ROM cannot be changed. (Flash ROM, CD-ROM, RAM)
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RS-MMC
Short for Reduced Size-MultiMediaCard. Resized (24 x 18 x 1,4 mm) version of the MultiMedia Card.
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Noise
A term used in the field of audio engineering to describe interference that can lead to impure sounds and distortion. Noise may occur, for example, as a result of faulty microphones or recording equipment. In digital imaging, noise is a term used to describe the visible effect of interference on the CCD sensor. It appears as unwanted colour spots in an image - especially those taken at night with a slow shutter speed. (Colour noise)
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Noise reduction
In noise reduction mode, the camera takes two shots: the normal shot and one with the same exposure time but with the shutter closed. It is then able to determine the areas of an individual image that are susceptible to noise and compensate for this.
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S
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Scanner
A device used to digitise printed information (pictures, graphics, and text).
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[SCENE]
One of the camera functions. Scenes are preset so that the necessary functions and settings can be easily selected to suit the subject. A variety of settings are available for [SCENE], such as [LANDSCAPE] and [NIGHT SCENE]. Select the mode that best suits the subject you are shooting so you can easily take pictures with the ideal settings.
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Scene program
Modes for certain types of shots. In a scene program, the camera automatically selects the best parameters (such as aperture, shutter, flash mode, etc.) for the scene in question. Typical scene modes include night scene, landscape, portrait, sport.
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Sharpness range
Area in which the fixfocus objectiv focuses. See also depth of field
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Selective measurement
With selective light metering, as with spot metering only a certain part of the motiv - mostly in the middle of the image - will be measured. The selective light metering has a wider measure angle (normally 3 bis 20%) as with spot metering (angle under 5%).
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Selective zone metering
As with spot metering, selective zone metering just takes the readings for a specific section in the frame – usually in the centre. However, unlike spot metering, the measurement area covers a larger portion (up to 20% whereas the spot metering just concentrates on an area below 5%.)
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Sepia
Amber colored color nuance. In the analog photography is used a so called Sepia-Toner, to let Picture printouts look like bleached images. Some digital cameras offer this effect as an extra.
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Server
The main computer in a network, responsible for the management/regulation of all other computers.
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SHQ-resolution
Super High Quality-resolution. A very high resolution digital photo.
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Single lens reflex camera
Camera type that directs the image coming in through the lens up into the viewfinder by means of a mirror. When the shutter is released the mirror swings up to allow light on the image plane. For fast sequence shooting and to reduce vibrations, some SLR optical systems use a beam splitter (prism) instead of the quick return swinging mirror. The picture seen through the viewfinder is almost 100% identical to the resulting photo.
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Slow Shutter
It means slow shutter speed. In general, slow shutter refers to shutter speeds slower than the minimum shutter speed required in order to avoid camera movement blur. Shooting a water flow or car lights in a night scene using slow shutter results in pictures containing unusual, interesting effects.
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Slow Synchronization
Photography technique where the shutter speed is set to a slower speed and the shutter is kept open for a while after the flash has gone off. When the flash is set to go off automatically, the shutter speed is usually set to a value that allows you to take pictures without camera movement blur. As a result, when you take pictures when there is just enough light to see the background, such as at sunset, the background may lack exposure and appear completely black. Setting a slower shutter speed and turning the flash off allows you to shoot both the subject and the background. When you use a slow shutter speed, try stabilizing the camera with a tripod or other method.
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Shutter
Either mechanical and/or electronic shutters are possible. Mechanical systems can use a leaf (or iris) shutter or curtain shutter. In digital cameras a third alternative is also possible: the electronic shutter. This works by activating and then deactivating the CCD so that no further light can be recorded, regardless of whether light is hitting the CCD. The shutter controls the exposure time, which can range from thousandths of a second to several minutes or more. Fast shutter speeds freeze action, slow speeds are more suited to stationary subjects. A tripod is recommended for slow exposure shots to avoid camera shake. (Aperture)
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Shutter Priority
In this mode, the user can adjust the shutter speed manually and the camera then selects the aperture setting for the best exposure. Often described as “S” mode on the camera.
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SmartMedia function cards
Olympus offers various SmartMedia cards with additional functions for compact and compact zoom digital cameras: a template function that allows photos to be combined with 12 different templates, a panorama card which together with a PC permits up to 10/20 images to be fused to create a panoramic photo, a calendar function card that enables the production of personalised calendars, and a title function card for creating birthday and greetings cards.
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SmartMedia storage card
SmartMedia cards are small (45 mm x 37 mm x 0.76 mm) and light (approximately 2 g) storage media. The controller is located in the drive instead of being incorporated in the card to allow simple construction. SmartMedia cards are very affordable and ideal for the storage of digital photos and music. (xD-Picture Card)
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Soft Focus Filter
A type of filter that can be attached to the lens. It softens the contours of the subject to obtain a softer, hazy picture.
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Software
Generall name for all computer programms (operating system and applications)
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SQ-resolution
Standard Quality resolution.
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Tripod
Stand to which the camera can be attached to hold it steady, especially during slow exposure shots where camera shake must be avoided. Most tripods have three legs while professionals prefer the more compact but less stable one-legged versions.
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Step-up-ring
Lens adapter, with which a filter/conversion lens with a wider diameter than that of the camera’s lens is attached.
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Stitchen
Past together. Method with the help of the right software for pasting together seamless single shots to a Panorama image.
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Studio flash
Stationary, high power flash that is mostly used by advertising and fashion photographers. Normally consisting of simply a flash tube and pilot lamp that shines continuously to enable the user to check the exposure, they have no automatic metering system and must be adjusted manually. Studio flashes can be equipped with diverse accessories, such as softboxes, filters, reflectors, Fresnel lenses etc. to achieve special lighting or effects. These flash systems are generally much more powerful than compact flashes and their output is measured not by a guide number but by watts per second (Ws). Models over 400 Ws mostly have to be powered by an external power source. The studio flash is connected to the camera via an x-synchronisation cable. If several flashes are used, the other units are activated by an activation light from the first flash unit.
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Subtractive colour mixing
A special method for the production of colour prints that involves layering the colours cyan, magenta, yellow, and black in appropriate proportions, to produce the required colours. (additive colour mixing)
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[SUNSET]
A preset setting on the camera. It is one of the selections for the [SCENE] function. Use this setting when taking pictures of sunsets and scenes illuminated by the glow of twilight. The white balance is locked automatically at [Sunny Day] so color tones are more emphasized, preserving the special atmosphere of a sunset scene.
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Super CCD
A CCD type developed by Fujifilm that utilises octagonal-shaped pixels arranged in an interwoven pattern.
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SVGA
Super Video Graphics Array. Refers to a display screen resolution of 800 x 600 pixels. (QXGA, SXGA, VGA, UXGA, XGA)
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System camera
Camera that can be used with a wide range of accessories from the same manufacturer (lens converters, external flash, external power source, etc.)
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System conditions
Minimal requirement of hardware and software for the operating of a device (f.i. digitalcamera or scanner) or the software on a computer. Decisive are the CPU, the free working space RAM en harddisk space as well as the operating system.
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T
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Tabletop
Tabletops are used for the aranging of a motiv on a surface. For profesional shooting there are available special tables.
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TCP/IP
Transmission Control Protocol over Internet Protocol. Standard protocol for sending data packets over the Internet or network. The data is automatically broken up into small packets. An error correction procedure takes place automatically.
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Tele
All lenses with a focal length of 80 mm (or in digital cameras, with the equivalent of 80 mm) or over are classified as tele lenses. Typical characteristics of a tele lens are the narrow field of view (30° and below depending on focal length), the short depth of field and a compression effect where objects far away and near by appear to be on one level. Standard tele lenses are 80 to 200 mm* and super tele lenses are from 200 mm* upwards. (Wide angle, zoom.)
(* Refers to a 35 mm camera)
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Tele- focal length
Skatīt: Tele
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TFT
Thin Film Technology. Currently the highest quality of colour LC-Displays. TFT displays are used in notebooks as well as in digital cameras from OLYMPUS.
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Thumbnail
The miniature representation of a digital image that usually serves as a preview function in image editing programs.
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TIFF
Tagged Image File Format. A specific, high quality file format used for the storage of digitised images.
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Trimming
Refers to the action of removing unwanted portions of the picture. Usually, the cropped part remaining after you trim the unwanted portions is magnified to the size of the original picture. Therefore, the smaller the remaining part, the poorer the picture quality will be after it is enlarged.
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True Colour
Describes the colour output on a monitor or printer. Requires at least 16 million colour nuances.
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TruePic
Developed by Olympus, the TruePic technology optimises the image information captured on the CCD before the data is saved. Employing the algorithm 3-D Cubic, it uses the brightness and colour information of the neighbouring pixels when processing the pixel data. These calculations, only possible with the super-fast Risc and Olympus Asic processor, lead to digital pictures that set standards for picture sharpness, contrast, true colours and gradation.
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TTL flash metering
With TTL flash metering the flash light and ambient light is measured through the lens so the intensity of the flash can be set. All work is done by the camera so the flash does not need any metering cells or control circuits. Also, no manual adjustments are necessary.
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TTL metering
Through The Lens metering.
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TWAIN driver
Allows the transfer of scans or digital photos into image editing programs. (TWAIN: Technology Without An Interesting Name.)
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U
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Ultrazoom
Zoomobjective with a factor 10x or more
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Universalzoom
Zoom which has a focal length as well in the wide angle area as if in the tele area. Universal zoom indicates typically zoomobjectives which have focal length from 28 to 200 mm.
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Update
An updated version of a software program.
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Upgrade
A new improved version of hardware or software that is already available.
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Upload
Process of copying a file from a computer to a remote computer. Opposite of download.
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URL
Unified Resource Locator. Address system for Internet sites.
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USB
USB. Universālā seriālā kopne, iespējams, aizvietos seriālo un paralēlo saskarni. USB ļauj viegli savietot perifēriskās ierīces, neinstalējot datorā kartes, vai bez operētājsistēmas daļu pārkonfigurēšanas. Visnozīmīgākās priekšrocības ir Plug and Play atbalsts, karstās spraudnēšana, automātisku ārējo ierīču konfigurēšana ar savienojumu (nav nepieciešama pārlāde), ātrāka datu pārraide, no viena porta ir iespējama pat 127 ierīču darbība. USB 2.0 izmanto lielāku joslas platumu un ir līdz pat 40 reizēm ātrāks nekā sākotnējais standarts. Tā citas priekšrocības no pašreizējā skatu punkta ir savietojamība ar esošo USB tehnoloģiju, tāpēc vecākās ierīces joprojām darbosies ar USB 2.0 tā sauktajā "Normālajā režīmā", kam ir zemāks kā USB 2.0 datu pārraides ātrums.
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USB Mass Storage Class
With USB Mass Storage Class support, the camera (or any other compatible device) is automatically displayed as an external drive. It can then be easily accessed in any program as a regular drive. Since most operating systems contain the generic Mass Storage Class driver, the camera is recognised without any driver having to be installed. Also called USB Storage Class or USB AutoConnect.
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Unsharp Masking
Often abbreviated USM. Describes an image focusing process. The quality of the result depends on the characteristics of the algorithm used.
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Utility
A program that performs special tasks for the operating system, for example: file administration, controlling a digital camera, a CD-ROM drive or printer.
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V
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Vendor Class
USB-devices are separated into different types of classes, e.g. audio-device, mouse or mass storage. Further there are more devices from specific producers, which are not defined in detail. Those are summarised in the Vendor Class. For the use with a computer, there is always needed a specific driver.The first digital cameras have had the type "Vendor-Class". All cameras which are available today, appear for computers as massstorage devices of the type "Mass Storage-Class". Thanks to that standard, there is no specific driver necessary any more.
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Removable lens
Lens that is not fixed to the camera but one that can be removed and replaced by another lens.
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VGA
Video Graphics Array. Attiecas uz displeja izšķirtspēju 640 x 480 pikseļi. (QXGA, SVGA, SXGA, UXGA, XGA)
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Video CCD
Describes a CCD specially developed for television and video, also used in digital still cameras. (Progressive CCD)
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Video output
Saskarne, ar kuras palīdzību pievieno ditalo fotokameru TV vai ideo kamerai.
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Vignetting
Fading off the sides of a picture into plain white or black instead of having abrupt edges. Also unintentional loss of brightness at the edge of the image. Wide angle lenses are particularly susceptible. However, the problem can be more or less avoided by removing the elements causing the effect, such as a filter with a frame that is too large or ill-fitting lens hood.
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Virus
Describes a part of a computer program that usually causes damage or destruction of software and/or data.
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VR
Short for: Vibration Reduction
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W
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WB Compensation
One of the white balance compensation functions that are available. In general, white balance is automatically adjusted by the camera. However, it may appear different from the visual impression due to ambient light or the color tone of the subject. In such a case, use .gif) to fine tune the white balance.
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WIA
Short for: Windows Image Acquisition.In the latest operating system from Microsoft (Windows ME/XP) built-in software plug-in for operating scanners and cameras on operating system level. WIA can be seen as a development of TWAIN, because it needs a driverinstallation, oposite to PTP, but already operates on operating system level.
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Windows (95/98/2000/ NT/XP/ME)
Graphic-based operating environment developed by Microsoft.
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White balance
The adjustment of a digital camera to the respective type of light (colour temerature) such as daylight, overcast, tungsten, and fluorescent light for even truer colours. Or to create a different, striking effect.
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World Wide Web
Currently the most popular service offered through the Internet. The WWW provides the possibility to transmit files with multimedia content (texts, sounds, pictures).
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Write cancel
This mode allows image data in the buffer memory to be deleted and cancels the saving process to the memory card. The camera is thereby immediately ready to shoot again. This function is especially useful in cameras with high-speed sequence shooting.
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X
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xD-Picture Card
An innovative memory card standard developed by Olympus and Fujifilm, launched in 2002. Particularly small digital memory media for digital cameras that is very durable and robust, and allows speedy data transfer rates. Capacities of up to 8 GB will be possible in the future. (Max. available capacity 2002: 256 MB).
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XGA
Extended Graphics Array. A graphics standard developed by IBM, which allows the display of 1,024 x 768 pixels with up to 65,535 colours. (SVGA, SXGA, UXGA, VGA)
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X-synch cable
Cable for connecting a non-dedicated flash or studio flash. The cable only passes the command to fire and no other instructions.
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Z
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Self-timer
A function that delays the opening of the shutter. This ensures vibration-free operation during long exposure times and enables the photographer to get into the picture.
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Viewfinder
Part of the camera through which you can see the image. The well-known viewer types with digital cameras are: Single-lens reflex viewfinder, TTL-viewfinder, LCD color monitor and the electronical video viewfinder.
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Zoom factor
Ratio between the largest and smallest focal length. Indicates as well the maximum enlarge factor.So has a zoomobjective with a focal length from f.i. 38 to 380mm the disposal of a 10x zoom, a focal length from 38 to 72 mm has a disposal of 2x zoom.
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Zooming in
Setting a longer focal length on your camera so you can make the subject bigger in the picture.
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Zoom lens
A type of lens that allows the photographer to get closer (zoom) to a subject. By adjusting the focal length (manually or mechanically), the degree of magnification can be altered. This feature is particularly useful for picking out subjects at a distance. The zooming power of a camera can usually be read on its lens; 3x (e.g. 35 - 105 mm*) is a common zoom level that provides good magnification. However, other cameras offer up to 10x magnification or more, which increases the focal length ten times (e.g. 38 – 380 mm*). When using such high magnification lenses, an optical image stabiliser or tripod help to ensure sharp, clear results. (Lenses, tele, wide, digital zoom, focal length)
(* Refers to a 35 mm camera)
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Salt-and-Pepper-Noise
High frequent noise, with a dispersion of black and white dots, which originates through a not optimal working noise-reduction in the camera.
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0 - 9
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2CR5
Defined as Lithium batteries for one time use with the standard size 45 x 34 x 17 mm and Nenn voltage 6V. Also known as DL245 battery (American description).
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